Priestly and Yahwist Views of Creation Essay Example

Priestly and Yahwist Views of Creation Essay How many people have ever noticed that there are two stories of creation in the Bible? The sources of the Genesis story, which I will analyze below, is that of the Priestly (P) source and of the Yahwist (J) source. Upon hearing there are multiple accounts, various sources, etc. it is tempting to automatically assume there are contradictions and discrepancies. This does not have to be the case. As such, I will describe differences between the two sources below and how one can read these accounts through theological and pastoral eyes. The two creation stories give different kinds of information, without a doubt, but this can be quite complimentary to one another. The P source is concerned with reflecting the order and structure of Gods plan for the world – an almighty God full of power and authority. In the P source of Genesis 1, we read Gods name as Elohim, which is the generic name of God giving off a connotation of a powerful being. This source of the creation story, reveals God as majestic and transcendent, where all events occur according to His will. The differences between the P and the J source is that in the former, God creates the Heavens and earth and humanity by mere words where as in the former, God is like a potter molding and shaping humanity using the dust from the ground. Humanity is favored in that it has been created in the image, the likeness of Elohim. Furthermore, the P source only mentions humanity at the end as the final creation in the likeness of God. When we review the J source of the creation story, no longer is God called Elohim but now, the Lord is called Yahweh meaning â€Å"He is†. Between the P and J source, we can recognize the ladder as giving a more personal account related to human beings – a God seriously invested in the affair of mankind, His creation. How do we conclude such a thing? The J gives name much more personal detail in that we learn of the names of Adam and Eve, we are given a mor We will write a custom essay sample on Priestly and Yahwist Views of Creation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Priestly and Yahwist Views of Creation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Priestly and Yahwist Views of Creation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

100 Interesting Persuasive Essay Topics That Worked

100 Interesting Persuasive Essay Topics That Worked Students are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment’s topic. It minimizes the efforts they spend on the homework tasks as choosing the relevant, interesting persuasive essay topics all alone may be a time-consuming task based on the in-depth research. Many students think it is a waste of time. In fact, they should perceive the ability to select the topic as a wonderful opportunity rather than another academic nightmare. No matter how good persuasive speech topics given by the teacher are, the student is not able to reject them in case he/she does not know much about the problem. If you can pick the issue on your own, it is possible to come up with the problem of interest! GRAB IMMEDIATE HOMEWORK HELP What about taking some time to learn how to pick good persuasive essay topics for high school? This article provides 100 excellent, interesting persuasive essay topics, but you can support the final choice with a reliable, 100% satisfactory academic writing help from the top preferred writers! Difference between Good Persuasive Speech Topics and Argumentative Topics Do not hurry to jump over to the list of 101 good persuasive speech topics without reading the basics. A student is free to compose a paper on any topic in the world, which related to the field of studies. That is wonderful! What is the student understand the subject and has no idea of what an argumentative/ debatable/persuasive writing means? The obvious step to take is to find what the term means. Students use to confuse the two terms, great argumentative writing ideas and interesting persuasive essay topics because these two genres of academic assignment have a lot of nuances in common. It does not matter if the writer finds a list of interesting persuasive essay topics and then prepares an argumentative essay on one of those ideas. The approach to writing should be different. Learn more by attending the academic service’s blog full of useful, time-tested tips on writing. An argumentative paper is a part of the persuasion. It has to state the main point, thesis statement, and defend it throughout the paper while an essay on the good persuasive speech topics must prove the truth of the author to the target audience. The reader should take the author’s side by the end of the reading. That is why choosing only interesting persuasive essay topics is critical. 100 Interesting Persuasive Essay Topics to Cover It is time to have a look at the 100 interesting persuasive essay topics shared by the top writers from different parts of the world! Do not forget to develop an efficient outline to succeed! GET PERSUASIVE ESSAY FROM EXPERT Persuasive Essay Topics for Elementary Students Monkeys would make excellent pets Having siblings or being alone in the family? Will waking up and seeing the dinosaur next to you push you to give the creature away to the zoo? The most effective superpower to possess is the ability to fly The most gorgeous seasons of the year is summer/winter Should a scientist who discovered an invisibility potion share it with other people? A ticket seller at the football stadium is the most boring job in the world Parents must allow their kids to paint on their walls to personalize the bedroom and show their individualities Making friends with everyone around will do a good favor in the future Carrying a brand new iPhone everywhere does not create our image; it points to how much money our parents earn Good Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Children The death penalty is an effective way to scare off the criminals Every person is free to change his/her name without any obstacles at any life stage The moral obligations of the nation’s leaders, including presidents and bosses of huge companies Rich people must be forced to pay higher taxes to support the financial balance What is the effective way to avert the potential mass shootings at the US high schools? Are fashion and one’s personal preferences important? Is there anything older generation can learn from the modern youth? Censorship plays the most significant role in the digital world They should lower the voting age to get more accurate results National security is more important than privacy Persuasive Essay Topics on Education to Support the Academic Improvements Studying the nature of videos/computer games mobile apps may be beneficial for the IT students The existing means of high school discipline are not effective enough to control groups of teens The standardized evaluation is not a precise measure of student learning progress and personal development The children in provisional living conditions with a 4.0 GPA must earn a free university education Is it ethical to place physically or mentally disabled children in the separate school classes? Which type of preventive measure could stop the high school bullying? Are video games capable of stimulating teenagers to use a weapon in the educational institutions? Students performance during the physical education lessons in gym affects their great point average The teachers should wear a special uniform like the professionals from other fields associated with public services Less successful students should not be forced to retake the course until they obtain a passing grade Science Persuasive Essay Topics: Breakthrough in Technologies and More The US Environmental Protection Agency does not use its full capacity to make the environment better The era described in the â€Å"Blade Runner† movie is coming closer to each new day and robot created The alternative source of energy may replace the fossil fuels The human activity has nothing to do with the progress of global warming Modern planes do not fall without a good scientific reason: most of the catastrophes are the outcomes of terrorism People are guilty of the extinction of many rare species of animals plants The genetically modified food is not safe Should there be a restriction on the number of children in every US family like they have in China? Is it ethical to clone animals? Is marijuana good for curing various mental disorders? Persuasive Essay Topics about Animals Plants Hunting is not ethical in any life situation Zoos are not helpful in wildlife conservation London Zoo is the largest zoo in the world offering its animals the luxury conditions People cannot keep rare, exotic animals at home turning them into their pets Is it fine to create mixed hybrids through breeding homeless dogs and cats? Rewards. Vs. Punishment: which is a better measure to train and control pet’s behavior? Vegetarianism does not help the animal world the way some people think Killing animals to get their fur for the fashion industry is immoral unethical Poaching negatively affects the economy, so the responsible faces should do something to improve the situation What led to the extinction of the great mammals like mammoths wooly rhinoceros? Persuasive Essay Topics about Music Artists Pirating music in the digital age is the serious threat to the entire country’s economy Great Britain does not dominate the music world since the 90s and the breakup/separation of â€Å"The Beatles.† The grunge music and gothic rock/post-punk music have fewer differences than they have similarities Music can be a part of the perfect rehabilitation procedure in the local prisons The cost of music, app, game, video downloads on App Store is very high Various significances in songs make people react to the music tracks in different ways Chinese music is an original art form, which has not developed significantly since Ling Lun’s foundation of 60 bells Vietnam War epoch music inspired further discussions on the innovative revolutionary approaches to thinking Music is the top recommended therapy for the cure of mental illnesses Technology has a positive impact on music as there is no need to have humans to create a band and deliver music to public Sports Persuasive Essay Topics Students Young Athletes Will Enjoy Animal sports like horse racing are not ethical or moral There is no way to include tobacco and alcohol beverages advertising during the translated sports events The sportsmen should not drink alcohol by any means It is not safe to take part in the extreme activities for entertainment The Government of Spain must forbid the bullfighting across the country even though it is the face of the national sports In swimming and dancing, women perform better than most of the men The best coaches in the world are under the equal threat of losing their self-control Women team players cannot take part in the mixed-gender sports games The inborn talents of the athletes matter more than the skills experience of their trainers Coaches should punish the sportsmen for taking steroids severer than they do now Complicated Ideas for Debates The oil companies are supposed to be more responsible concerning the oil spills Human behavior a result of nature Sex education classes would make sense to the younger teenagers The modern US legal system exploits the minorities despite the constitution and existing laws The gun control legislation has much more disadvantages than advantages There is no need to van modern television or some of the shows – Interne is a worse threat to society Do famous people make a mockery of the right to privacy? Should the legal drinking/smoking/driving/voting age of the person be brought down to 18 in the United States? Are open borders possible in the foreseeable future? Europeans would lose the World War II without the American intervention and on-time help Moral Issues to Cover in Persuasive Speech Debates Animal testing is necessary for the human kind, so it should not come Hospital patients possess a right to die through the physician-assisted suicide Physician-assisted suicide is not illegal and can be implemented in the corresponding situations They should ban children’s beauty pageants to make the world better The US customers must stop purchasing goods from countries that exploit child labor Atheists are not less moral than theists Should young adolescents be allowed to make cosmetic surgery? Should people start selling beer to college students? Is a camera in public place an invasion of privacy? Dreamers must obtain permission to stay in the US Both educational institutions businesses should provide more incentives to do volunteer work Mixed Argumentative Ideas to Use in School/College Essay Atheists religious people must exercise tolerance with each other Discussing the major problems associated with Iraq Afghanistan continuously evokes irritation and aggression Was the â€Å"sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll† epoch significant in the history of art, or not? Whose side do you support: vegetarians or meat eaters? Should the maniacs who kill people without reason be sentenced to death? Free bagels with sour cream motivate the student to study as they stimulate the brain activity Unpopular opinion: The Black Square by Kazimir Malevich has nothing special about it Talking about cheating is embarrassing while discussing various sex issues is fine The art for masses has nothing to do with the masterpieces created by the elite community Modern women look worse than women of 80s when they were not too thin and looked more natural Interesting is not a single word the student must think about. The chosen issue has to be essential and informative, meaning the writer should check whether there is enough information available on the web/in the college library. Once the student understands it, he/she can move to the process of selecting the topic. There is no need to collect the possible ideas independently – meet out the list of the cool persuasive topics shared by the most successful students and their teachers around the world!

Star Wars and the Bible Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Star Wars and the Bible - Research Paper Example For instance, the original trilogy appears focused more on Jedi and the saving power of the Force’s Light Side. The Prequels on the other hand seems more focused on enticing power of the Dark Side which is consistent with the Biblical seductiveness of the evil. It is my humble submission that it is not a mistake that Palpatine’s rope contain red streak the moment he first uses the Dark Side to lure Anakin. There is strong evidence to suggest that Palpatine symbolizes Satan because just like the bible would like us to know, the Evil one is manipulative, a liar, and a person who like twisting the truth, not to mention his knack of playing with emotion. As for Ankin, he applaud Jedi for selflessness when he says that he (Ankin) only care of others which remind one of Philippians 2:3-4 which warns â€Å"do nothing out of selfish ambition, but in humility consider others better than yourself,† Which according to Paul was the main attitude that Jesus exhibited during h is time here on earth, and that he wanted us to replicate. We can also draw parallels between master Jedi qualities and those described in Galatians 5:22-23 concerning the fruit of the Holy Spirit. In this regard, we have qualities like; joy, kindness, love, faithfulness, self-control, gentleness and peace as the fruit of the Holy Spirit majority of which can be found in the character Master Jedi. Obi-Wan also exhibit traits that immortalize him in the memory of those that he leaves behind ultimately. First, his loyalty, dedication, knowledge and potential are legendary. These are virtues that we see in majority of characters in the Old Testament. Even after being conscripted into the radicalized Qui-Gon Jinn, he does not seem to lose objectivity and orthodox in his approach to issues.

Reflecting Paper of The Case of the Mismanaged Ms Essay

Reflecting Paper of The Case of the Mismanaged Ms - Essay Example Ed Coulter, the Vice President of marketing admitted that he had fronted Dick to fill the position instead of Ruth since Dick was a man, and since men tend to be in most factory settings, he assumed that Dick could relate better to clients. In as much as both Dick and Ruth had equal qualifications needed for the job, Ed argued that women were not reliable at higher levels since they could get pregnant, or abandon their jobs in order to follow to their husbands based on their husbands’ jobs or career (Seymour, 1987). From all these, it is evident that Ed was biased against Ruth. It is against the law to deny women opportunities because they are anticipated to get pregnant. From Ruth’s and Barbara’s conversation, it is evident that Triton does not promote affirmative action. The company has failed to respect women and regard them as important people who can add value to the company and society at large. First and foremost, Ruth’s revelation that women in Tri ton Company form only twenty percent of all the employees is worrying. Additionally, there are only two women holding mid-level managerial positions, with no woman holding a position at the top executive level (Seymour, 1987). This is a clear demonstration that women are discriminated against and their presence in the company is not considered of value. Secondly, I am extremely shocked to hear Ruth’s complaints regarding the manner in which Ed addresses her. When Ed meets Ruth in the morning and does not greet her, but comments on her blouse, her mode of dressing, as well as her eyes (Seymour, 1987), it serves to be a clear indication of sexual harassment. Ed does this on purpose with intentions of making Ruth feel bad. This is an unacceptable behavior that should not be tolerated in any working environment. It is also worth noting that there are no clear procedures that are being followed when promoting employees. This is attributed to the fact that information regarding suc h opportunities are passed by word of mouth. No formal communication is given to existing employees to enable forward their applications to these positions. Instead, the Vice Presidents of various departments (all of them are men) sit down by themselves and choose who to fill the position with. It worries that in all the cases they have appointed only men, some of whom have not worked for the company compared to women at their level (Seymour, 1987). This brings forward several questions that demand answers. For instance, one may want to know, what role the Human Resource Manager of the company plays if she is not involved in the hiring process. Additionally, one may question why the Vice Presidents consider giving these vacant positions to men who do not deserve them, leaving out hardworking and achieving women. These acts of discrimination if not well handled can be extremely disastrous to the company. First, the company may face several discrimination lawsuits which may dent its p ublic image. The lawsuits may reveal what is happening in the company and discouraged bright, hardworking and achieving women who had wished to be a part of the Triton workforce. Secondly, the company may lack a diverse executive staff. Failure to incorporate women in its operation may hurt the company since studies have revealed that including women in the executive staff and having diversity is interrelated with better performance. This is because divergent

Ethical and Legal Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical and Legal Issues Essay Nurses make legal and ethical decisions when caring for patients; decisions that need to be made carefully because the decisions could possibly change a patients life. There are theories to explain how to problem solve ethically and the theories are not based on emotion (Guido, 2006). This paper will discuss the relationship between legal and ethical issues and ethical theories, examples will be provided. Ethics can be described as principles and standards that are a guide to conduct used to elevate the standard of compliance (Judson Harrison, 2010). Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos ethics explains actions as right or wrong in respect to cultural principles and values. Moral values are personal beliefs that are intertwined with ethical actions and behaviors (Guido, 2006). Ethics, similar to values, are individualistic and they come from our experiences, culture and actions. While ones values or moral ethics may be different, the nurses ability to conform to a patients ethical behavior is important (The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach, 2008). The legal system was created to establish policies to protect the public (Judson Harrison, 2010). The laws that are set can be changed when evidence suggests amendments are necessary. The relationship between law and ethics is apparent when discussing a patients healthcare decision that goes against the norms or beliefs of the healthcare provider. An example would be the patient exercising his or her right to refuse treatment for a disease process that will result in imminent death, such as a patient in renal failure refusing dialysis (Guido, 2008). Shannon (2008) discussed the differences of legal and ethical decisions as morally ordinary and extraordinary treatment related to the provision of assisted nutrition and hydration, particularly for patients in a permanent vegetative state (p.894). Metaethics is a nonnormative ethic that attempts to describe the implication between moral concepts or statements and the justification of why something is regarded good or ethically correct. Normative ethics understand standards of behavior and application of these behaviors in life. Normative ethicsbranch out into two broad categories called deontological and teleogical theories (Guido, 2006). Deontological theories focus on the intended action not the consequences of ones actions (Guido, 2006). The theory focuses on the dignity and sense of duty of the individuals and finds the relationship between the person and the action. Deontological theories are divided into two subcategories; act deontology and rule deontology. Guido (2006) states that act deontology is based on the personal moral values of the person making the ethical decision, whereas rule deontology is based on the belief that certain standards for ethical decisions transcend the individuals moral values (p. 4). Teleological theories are based on the simple concept, right actions have good consequences and bad actions have bad consequences. This theory suggests the act of right or wrong is directly related to the consequence of the action. Utilitarianism stems off of teleogical theories, explains that consequences count and acts are determined by the consequence. Some utilitarians believe that the moral rightness of a consequence is determined by the greatest number of good or the least harm and suffering (Guido, 2006). Considering the moral rightness is based on greatest number to benefit from the greatest good, actions based on the utilitarianism theory can often be unethical and illegal. Nurses in acute care settings are faced daily with ethical issues and concerns. Shannon (2008) examines the terms morally ordinary and extraordinary in respect to patients in a permanent vegetative state (p. 894). It is thought if we can keep the body alive we should, capacity generated obligation but there is a compromise in human dignity, making this both a legal and ethical dilemma (Shannon, 2008, p. 894). Euthanasia and end of life care often cause a lot of animosity, as they have been distorted by general public. Shannon (2008) states, Discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expect outcome can be legitimate; it is the refusal  of over-zealous treatment (p. 898). This statement defines euthanasia in its most accepted form withdrawal of treatment. This makes the act legal, but is it ethical to withdraw treatment that was started to sustain life, knowing that the result ends in death?Another example of an ethical issue in an acute care setting is preserving organs for donation in a patient who is pronounced dead following a cardiac event. Organ donation is a personal choice that can be expressed though written consent by the donor. Although, if there is no documentation of the patients wishes, family members have to make the decision in the event of unexpected death. Is it legal and ethical to maintain the body of a patient who has died in order to keep the organs viable while waiting for the familys decision (Bonnie, Wright, Dineen, 2008)?When a patient has been declared dead according to neurological criteria hospitals will maintain organ viability while awaiting family decision about donation. Procedures are started post-mortem by a transplant team to determine candidacy for donation. Medications are started and additional lines are inserted. All of which are done after the patient is declared dead. This is legal in many states, in fact there is a statute called the immunity clause to protect the health care workers from any liability, but is it ethical (Bonnie, Wright, Dineen, 2008)? According to Bonnie, Wright, and Dineen (2008), Organ preservation in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death violates no legally protected interest of the family members. It does not constitute mutilation of the body and falls comfortably within the general principle that hospitals have no duty to deliver corpses to families in their exact condition of death (p.744). Consider this statement and place an ethical emphasis on your thought process. Healthcare workers are not legally bound to deliver the bodies of their loved ones in the exact condition of their death. In conclusion, through cultural norms, behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes the ethical behaviors of healthcare workers are analyzed. The governing bodies of healthcare such as the American Nurses Association and the American Medical Association mandate healthcare workers to uphold ethical values in his or her practice. The legal system maintains the right to investigate and examine decisions made by healthcare practitioners when decisions appear unethical or perhaps unlawful. The various ethical theories provide  direction for healthcare practitioners and ethics review boards with decision-making processes. References Bonnie, R., Wright, S. Dineen, K. (2008). Legal authority to preserve organs in cases of uncontrolled cardiac death: preserving family choice. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from EbscoHost Database. Guido, G. W. (2006). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (4 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Judson, K. Harrison, C. (2010). Law and ethics for medical careers (5th ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Shannon, T. (2008). Unbind him and let him go: Ethical issues in the determination of proportionate and disproportionate treatment. Theological Studies, 69, 894-917. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from MasterFILE Premier database. The VA leads change toward Integrated Ethics approach. (Cover story). (2008, December). Medical Ethics Advisor, Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database.

Freudian and Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis Theories

Freudian and Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis Theories Literature Review Ehren Lee Sze Tseng Introduction In this assignment, I will explain the concepts of Psychoanalysis through the thoughts of perspectives of Freud, Jung, Erikson, Adler, and Horney. This review is the study of Freudian’s, includes only Freud, and Neo-Freudian’s, includes Jung, Erikson, Adler, and Horney, Theory of Psychoanalysis. By using the following 7 journals in my research, I will perform critical analysis on these following theoretical concepts. Based on my analysis, I will integrate a simple understanding among all of these researches and conclude my final thoughts. Freud’s Theory According to Jones (1910), rather than a philosopher, Freud is predominantly a man of science whereas Burrow (1917) defines the term â€Å"Freud† as a genus man of scientific observation. Freud is only observing the fact, from the perspective view of principle of science (Burrow, 1917). As represented by Karl Pearson, in the field of philosophy, Freud is almost classified as accepting scientific idealism (Jones 1910). Freud uses the term conscious to indicate the mental awareness processes of a person in any given moment whether if it is clear or unclear view. Jones (1910) justifies Freud’s view between conscious and unconscious processes are correlating with one another at every aspect but exclude the matter of awareness. The part of Freud’s psychology I would like to touch on would be regarding the significance of psychosexual trends (Jones, 1910). Freud had long acknowledged that the repression of the libido is resulted in which ego is overemphasized (Burrow, 1917). Freud reasons behind applying the term â€Å"sexual† more broadly even though it is not considered to be of a sexual nature would be because of his experience in psychical manifestations (Jones, 1910). He then justifies that the term sexual isn’t because of the definition rather but the significance of the concept. Freud sums up the unconscious desire of life into conception of sex as the principle of pleasure (Jones, 1910). Jung’s Theory Jung’s theory situation was broader compared to Freud, using primarily scientific empirical research and interests he had adopted; He sees nature behind the man struggling to organize itself. â€Å"The â€Å"mother†, conceived of concretely, disappears, therefore, in the creative instinct, and in the instincts of dependence, from which man must free himself.† (Putnam, 1917). According to Putnam (1917), the view of Jung is acceptable and interesting. Jung carries out his analysis in an old fashion conduct. Therefore it is difficult to see how he is able to fail distinguishing the value of principles that he had formerly used so extensively lead to a positive result. Jung’s hypothesis of a presexual mode which Burrow (1917) had understand is that the term presexual exist as a mode that is not only lead to the pleasure mode but it is in a general sense of a continuous sexual mode. Burrow (1917) explains that the consciousness and the unconscious significance of sexual phase are beyond the author’s imagination on the absence of this presexual phase concept. Adler’s Theory Alfred Adler studies the issues of the mental disorders with the methodology of â€Å"individual Psychological†. This method is relevantly ideal because it serves the purpose of psychoanalysis where it is to look for individual’s purpose of life. Adler’s theory on individual psychological is able to trace the past and genetic background of a person’s life where the plans of activities revolve around the individual’s life. Adler intends to avoid his study of individual psychological from over-generalizing the theory. Adler’s psychology serves a purpose in his research. Every phenomenon that happens is a preparation for an accomplishment at some point of end. Adler’s perception of his theory is where everyone including the healthy or diseased, they live for the purpose to achieve dominance in his own way of thoughts. According to Vaughan (1927), the neurotic is unable to show a single trait in the healthy individual, albeit there are certain important traits, such as egotism and anxiety, which are able to determine the characteristic of this type of person based on the expression of intense self-assertion. In Adlerian Theory, the neurotic asserts his independence. Strangely, it is traced back to unsatisfied needs, man’s nature of sexual desire. A woman on the other hand, to prevent the submission of sexual intercourse, she will show ignorance and stubbornness. For example, a female patient will display an aggression towards her male psysician, defying his order. The similarities of the neurotic focused around sex as it relates to the achievement and the control of power. A man whom is sexually impotent, he attempts to control power over other fields. The fundamental concept of power in view, the traits of neurotic fall into the line, defining a new meaning of a whole. Erikson’s Theory According to Munley (1975), Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development is derived from his life span developmental theory. According to Erikson’s theory, an individual has to go through eight developmental stages, which he would have to face and cope with an identity and existential crisis. According to Dunkel (2009), Erikson’s theory is regarded to be one of the most influential theories in the human development field. â€Å"Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is based on the epigenetic principle, which states that development unfolds in a series of predetermined stages, that there is an optimal time for the ascendancy of a stage, and that the resolution of early stages greatly inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uences the outcomes of later stages† (Dunkel, 2009). In 1950, Erikson has suggested eight psychosocial tasks in his theory. The first stage of his theory is trust versus mistrust. The development of infant leans towards the basic sense of trust when the caretaker is responsive, whereby when they are not responsive, the infant development is affected in a sense of mistrust. The second stage will be autonomy versus shame. At this stage, an increase of child’s mobility enables them to explore their world developing a sense of autonomy; it happens only when caretakers is appropriately guiding and restricting the child. The third stage is initiative versus guilt. This stage starts to take notice easily when the child starts planning goals in life, sense of initiative increases with success and praise along with the purpose of strength psychologically. The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority whereby children tends to train and master a certain sets of skills. According to Dunkel (2009), the author states that the fifth stage i s considered to be the most important part in Erikson’s theory which would be identity versus confusion. It happens during the adolescent is facing the developing of self-concept, the identity of oneself. The sixth stage would be intimacy versus isolation. It represents the ability of an adult to share commitment to one another, happens in the form of romantic relationships. Love is gained throughout the sixth stage process of development. The seventh stage is generativity versus stagnation. At this stage, adults are facing the responsibility in being productive and well-shaping the future generation, often their offspring. It gains the developmental strength of care. The eighth and last stage is integrity versus despair. This is when during the later part of life, whereby a person reached old age, the person must look back previously on their lives with sense of satisfaction or regret. The psychosocial strength of this development gains wisdom along integrity. All of these s tages build up each another and the process of task involves the developmental stage in a profound way. Horney’s Theory Dr. Horney’s theory on the structure of neurotic personality relates to the basic features of cultures. Dr. Horney’s theory on neurotic personality focuses on the term anxiety. According to Pullias (1938), Dr. Horney defines and clarifies the term anxiety as the emotional state of childhood manifestation of individual life based on the cultural trend. Dr. Horney defended anxiety as the core concept of the neurotic personality structure. Dr. Horney is criticized for explaining and defending against neurosis with only a single principle which would be anxiety (Pullias, 1938). According to Pullias (1938), the author points out that Dr. Horney not at all be criticized as the contribution of her critical approach to the theories of psychoanalysis, she attempt to relate accurately the neurotic personality to culture; the author also explains that she had clearly presented her own theory of neurotic personality structure which contribute to the study of personality. Discussion between the Theory of Freudian and Neo-Freudian Adler’s and Jung’s concept of theory are much similarly contradicts with Freud’s theory. Carl Jung’s rejection of Freud’s theory was deemed to be viewed in 2 ways acceptable and pleasant or inexplicable where it is about pointless empty arguments. Freud’s point of view was focused while Jung’s point of view was broader; Jung saw more than what Freud could see in a man. Jung sees a man, well a man while Freud sees man as something which shaped into a man. Jung’s says that man’s libido is natural whereas Freud says it drives a man. Adler on the other hand, had different perspective from Freud. Adler has avoided over-generalizing his theory of study of individual psychology compared to the teaching of Freudian. Adler opposes the view of Freud on libido being the force behind the indication of neurosis. Adler view on neurosis is not the force behind it but the achievement of goal and the control of power. Secondly, Adler represents sex as a symbol in the neurosis by all the efforts is centred. Freud on the other hand, failed because he overlooked the fact that sex is merely a principle of pleasure. Horney’s theory is correlation with the Adlerian theory. The term anxiety was present in both theories but Horney focuses and defence the principle of anxiety as the core of neurotic personality. Adlerian theory on neurotic includes egotism and anxiety where the neurotic independence is displayed. Freud’s and Erikson’s Theory are quite different from each another. Freud focus mainly on the importance of libido while Erikson place more emphasis on the influence of environment and cultural. Erikson’s eight stages are linked to one another involving the coherent flow of development that builds up an individual. Conclusion In a nut shell, regarding each and everyone’s theory. Regardless of Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson as a Neo-Freudian, no matter what circumstances; their theories are derived from Freud. Some of them are focused more in depth of their theory. For example, Horney focuses on her theory on neurotic personality more extensively on the term anxiety. Jung has a broader perspective over Freud. Adler did not over-generalize his finding compare to Freud. I can conclude that Freud being the pioneer of psychoanalysis and they are followed by the successor, Neo-Freudian, of the whole Freudian concept. I classified them as the successor of Freudian Theory as they oppose the idea of Freud whereby they have carried out scientific empirical research to back up their theory and a vast perspective on the terms and theory. Freud on the other hand was merely just observing the facts. The concepts of these Psychoanalysts have contributed knowledge to the society. Their findings and research is deemed to be useful for mankind in their study of their conscious, unconscious and the subconscious mind. This enables us to study the present as well as the past to understand our behaviour. References Burrow, T. (1917). The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler: II. Notes with reference to Freud,Jung and Adler.The Journal Of Abnormal Psychology,12(3), 161-167. doi:10.1037/h0070901 Dunkel, C. S., Sefcek, J. A. (2009). Eriksonian lifespan theory and life history theory: An integration using the example of identity formation.Review Of General Psychology,13(1), 13-23. doi:10.1037/a0013687 Jones, E. (1910). Freuds psychology.Psychological Bulletin,7(4), 109-128. doi:10.1037/h0075780 Munley, P. H. (1975). Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development and vocational behavior.Journal Of Counseling Psychology,22(4), 314-319. doi:10.1037/h0076749 Pullias, E. V. (1938). Review of The Neurotic Personality of Our Time.Psychological Bulletin,35(6), 399-403. doi:10.1037/h0052682 Putnam, J. J. (1917). The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler: I. The work of Sigmund Freud.The Journal Of Abnormal Psychology,12(3), 145-160. doi:10.1037/h0071967 Vaughan, W. F. (1927). The psychology of Alfred Adler.The Journal Of Abnormal And Social Psychology,21(4), 358-371. doi:10.1037/h0068938

Managemen: a case study of wb engineering limited

The flexible nature of management of small and medium scale firm has made the management style in this structure of organization to be difficult. The structure and the size of resources available to small and medium scale organizations these have jointly constituted a factor that makes the management styles in small firms to be at variance with what is obtainable in large-scale organizations. In the view of Slatter (1992:159) cited Collins & Ram, 2003, â€Å"managing fast growth in entrepreneurial firms is one of the most difficult challenges that exists†. Owners often struggle to balance the flexibility required to keep pace with customers demands, with the stability needed to provide employees with a sense of continuity and security. Hence management essentially comprises a careful balancing act between strong leadership and decentralized task-oriented management; and processes involving organizational cohesion and those promoting individual responsibility (Collins & Ram, 2003). As a small and medium scaled firm expands and begin to transform into a large sized organization there is the need for such transformation to be commensurate to changes in management style that hitherto had being practiced; this need be done so that a lacuna would not be created and a lost of touch and proper control of the expanding resources. There is also the need to be awoken to current trend in our everyday dynamic business environment. The non-adherence to these little but significant facts has rendered many well to do but poorly managed organizations to die a premature death. This write up would be looking at those factors that had imposed the difficulty our case study (WB Engineering Limited) is passing through. WB Engineering Limited is a small firm having the aim to develop into a medium scale firm. The coordination of the firm’s human resource portends an impending difficulty to the moving forward of the firm to its next developmental level. Adrian and Grey are both managers of the small firm. Adrian’s relocation to Spain from US where the business located, kept Grey in a tight corner on how to effectively manage the firm’s resources. The immediate cause of the firm’s problem and recommended solutions on how to curtail this problem would be proffered. CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ORGANIZATION The term ‘small’ is a relative one it is not absolute. The line separating small from large is in a continuum and an issue that is inevitably arbitrary. According to Odaka & Sawai (1999), â€Å"small business is a generic concept. Being the antonym of big business, its social significance becomes clearer when placed in the historical context where the latter first appeared in the world economy†. Bolton 1971, cited in Bannock (2005), he identified three characteristics in its economic definitions of a small firm: A small market share, that is not large enough to influence national price or qualities (even though a village shop may be the only one, its prices cannot get too far out of line from those of major national retailers in the nearest town, even though people will pay something for local convenience) Managed in a personalized way: the owner actively participates in all aspects of the business unlike in a large firm where the shareholders and management are usually almost entirely separate. Independence or the exercise of ultimate management responsibility. A small subsidiary of a large firm, which has a head office to report to, does not share these characteristics. The above characteristics are usually identified with vast majority of business, which are inherently small in size. The study of small firms revolves around it five major features which include {1} Existence {2} Survival. {3} Success {4} Take-off {5} Resource maturity.   And these are regarded as the five stages in small business growth (Churchill & Lewis, 1983). These five stages go a long way to influence and determine the success that trails the small business historical growth. ADDUCED REASONS LEADING TO THE FALL OF WB ENGINNEERING LIMITED Transition from a small or medium size of business organization to a large entity, it requires the need to restructure the organizational structure and also the organizational strategy should be enhanced to be in tune with the new status the organization is attaining. Managing a fast growing entrepreneurial firm as that of WB Engineering is a onerous task that requires adequate managerial dexterity in balancing the flexibility required to keep pace with customer demands, alongside with the stability needed to provide employees with a sense of continuity and security in the transitional organization. One way of doing this is through a strong leadership in the organization that provides a key role in overcoming the confusion that usually accompanies growth and is necessary to build and maintain the cohesiveness of the organization. According to Collins & Ram (2003), â€Å"management essentially comprises a careful balancing act between strong leadership and decentralized task- oriented management; and processes involving organizational cohesion and those promoting individual responsibility†. Looking at the case study, WB Engineering Limited had missed the mark in a cohesive management of its expanding business and the leadership style adopted had being one of a centralized and undemocratic. The WB Engineering organization started well as a small entrepreneurial firm that adequately managed its resources and put in that individual- centralized managerial skill required at this stage of the business. But as the organization expands and transforms into a conglomerate status; integrating on a vertical level and diversification of resources and operations level, it then requires that at this developmental and transitional level in the organization that a cohesive maintenance of the organization is adopted through a strong leadership that exhibit a decentralized and democratic leadership style. The focus here is that WB Engineering Limited failed to give room for experts trained in specific managerial skills to assist in managing the growth of the organization. This became visible when Adrian moved to Spain, Gary felt totally abandoned and helpless. Assuming there is a decentralized structure in place, the absence of Adrain would not have constituted a big effect. His absence would have being adequately covered. It thus invariably signifies that the management has being one that is centralized even in this assuming state of the expansion of the organization. This had helped in the collapse of the organization. The no cohesive management of the organization again is reflected in the disconnected and autonomous management of the specialised units within the company as a group of satellites. The uncoordinated nature of the management of the organization shows the lapses in management style; which is another factor that has contributed to the fall in WB Engineering Limited. The lapses in managerial style adopted by Gary and Adrain is the lack of consultation with specialist before embarking on projects and also the lack of proper forecasting and research before venturing into a new business environment. Though, the WB Engineering Limited spent a whooping sum (2million pounds) in consulting professional and legal fees, this was done after the deal has being signed and as a way of restructuring the organization, after the acquisition of ESR, to be floated as a public organization. Assuming a little part of the sum had being spent in managerial consultancy and proper forecasting and research work, prior to the time the deal of acquiring ESR, this would have enable WB Engineering Limited to foresee the possibility of the acquisition as a dead trap, and an alternative measure would have being taking to avert the impending consequences. It is seen that the management style of the WB Engineering Limited had failed to grow out of its old shell and imbibe current management techniques and adopting strategic planning for the transitional organization. As it is a noticeable fact, management style in small firms have been more on operational plan than strategic plan. While strategic plan is conceived as â€Å"a written long-range plan, which includes both a corporate mission statement and a statement of organizational objectives operating planning on the other hand is defined as the setting of short-term objectives for specific functional areas such as finance, marketing, and personnel† (Shrader, et al 1989). A strategic planning needs adequate forecasting and researching. The embarking on projects without proper forecasting and re searching on consequences and building alternatives plan had being the waterloo of WB Engineering Limited when it acquired ESR. According to Orpen, â€Å"strategic planning benefits small firms by causing them to explore new alternatives for increasing sales and improving their competitive advantages (ibid). The management of WB Engineering Limited failed to recognize the significance of business environment in influencing the outcome of business operation. The preference for racing car in the UK market is different from what is obtainable in the US market. First impression matters a lot. The first introduced model of racing car in ESR by WB Engineering Limited, with a lesser quality in comparison with its other produce had beclouded the mind of prospecting customer, even when a winning model was reengineered by the company best engineering hands; little was done to safeguard the already battered image of the immerging firm (WBE-ESR organization) in US. Another factor that had contributed to the fall of WB Engineering Limited is the lack of concentrating all its resources directly at the operation it is having an upper hand. The organization had no specialized operation area; it is thus becoming Jack of all trade and master of none. Since the organization had cut an ace for itself in technical expertise and project engineering skill to mainstream automotive market, it ought   to have concentrated its resources in consolidating its operation around this   area, rather than dabbling into other areas like   owning a car racing team, and other project that is unrelated to it core area of operation. Concentrating and being specialized in a function makes the organization the master in such operation, hence competitive advantage over its rivals, even in this modern dynamic business world. From the given extract of WB Engineering Limited historical antecedents, it is observed that the organization ha a poor human relationship with its workers. They are not adequately informed and carried along in the organization scheme of operation. This is reflected where senior employees of the organization began to question the strategic direction of the organization. This shows that initially the senior employees were not partakers to the strategic planning. This also goes back to support the centralized and non consultative pattern which the management of the organization operates. The non involvement of workers especially the senior workers in the organization strategy planning, this had given them no sense of belonging in the organization, hence the lack of zeal to pursue the organizations objectives and goals. According to Marlow & Patton (1993), â€Å"the effective management of employees is also emerging as a key variable in the survival of mall firms†. The management of workers and non-consultation attitude of the management had contributed to the poor relationship of human resource in the organization with the management. CHANGES TO BE DONE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE ORGANIZATION EFFECTIVENESS The WB Engineering Limited need to adopt changes in ways it operates and the organizational structure for it to improve on its effectiveness. The under listed are ways the organization can achieve its effectiveness. First, there is a need that the organization restructures its management structure, which hitherto had been a centralized and undemocratic one. A decentralized organizational structure permits room for participation and workers contributing their innovative ideas in ways that would spur the organization ahead and make it compete vigorously with its rivals and attaining greater customer satisfaction. Thus, there is the need that the management of WB Engineering is decentralized, the strategic planning of the organization should not be left to only Adrain and Gary; workers involvement would go a long way to effect a positive change in the organization. Also, the need to adopt a formal structure in the organization would also aid in bringing an effective management structure where each worker knows who to report to and the responsibility expected of him. There is also the need for the organization to build a more beneficial relationship between the organization’s human resource and the management. Since the WB Engineering Limited is becoming vast in its operations, it should imbibe those strategic operations adopted by large organization; thus there is the need to carry out a strategic human resource management. According to Bacon et al (1996), cited in Wagar (1998), â€Å"small business managers are increasingly aware of new management ideas, and a number of organizations have implemented initiatives traditionally identified with large firm†. Thus the strategic human resource management has to do with the organization using its human resource in jointly drawing out strategies on which the organization would operate on. In modern times† firms were most likely to report sharing business information with employees and rapid change, keeping employees informed is important† (Wagar, 1998). The WB Engineering Limited should do more to incorporate more effective forecasting and consultative research prior to embarking on projects. This would not only   safe the organization from engaging in wrong business and project deals, but also enable it know how to manage its resources in the most rewarding   way. There is also the need for a well coordinated chain of the organization’s satellites businesses. This should be synchronized toward achieving same goal. The different group of satellites and other operational areas of the WB Engineering conglomerate should be coordinated in a fashion to jointly work towards achieving the goal of the organization. As earlier stated, the organization should concentrate its resources in the area of technical expertise and project engineering which over the years had being its major profit maximizing venture. It is also suggested that the acquired ESR in U.S. since this has being the waterloo and the immediate cause of the impediment to the growth of WE Engineering Limited; this should be made to enter into a strategic alliance with other thriving organization in the United States. Instead of a full merger, the organization resources and managerial know-how can form an alliance with other effective organization in strategizing a way of moving the organization through a symbiotic relationship. This will give the organization the ability to take advantage of the environment in which it operates. Lastly, it is suggested that in this ever dynamic contemporary business world, the organization should follow the trend of the time and adapt to modern management techniques; such as strategic human resource management, Total Quality management (TQM), having competitive advantage through product differentiation. When these are adopted it would give the organization an edge over its rival and make the WB Engineering Limited regain its lost glory in the race car construction industry. REFRENCES Bannock, Graham (2005), The Economic and Management of Small Business: An International Perspective. New York: Routledge Publisher. Collins, L. & Ram, M. (2003), â€Å"Managing the Entrepreneurial Firm† Stream 9: Critical realist in Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Organization and Discourses. June http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconfrence/2003/proceedings/criticalrealist/collins.pdf (06/03/06) Neil C Churchhill and Lewis, V. L. (1983), the Five Stages of Small business Growth. Harvard Business Review, 61, 2-11 Shrader, C.B. et al (1989), â€Å"Strategic and Operational Planning, Uncertainty and Performance in Small Firms† in Journal of Small Business Management Vol. 27, No. 4 Odaka, K. & Sawai, M. (1999), Small Firms, Large Concerns, The development of Small Business in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P1. Wagar, Terry H. 91998), â€Å"Determinants of Human Resource management Practices in Small Firms: Some evidences from Atlantic Canada† in Journal of Small Business Management Vol.36, No.2.            

Gothic Art Essay

Gothic art refers to an art movement in the middle ages (Van de Bogart 70) that started in France around 1140 (the time that the ambulatory of the Church of Saint-Denis was constructed [Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†]) and lasted up until late 16th century throughout Europe (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). In this paper, an introduction to Gothic art, with a concentration on Gothic church architecture, shall be discussed. To effectively provide an overview of this artistic style, this paper shall tackle the following: the roots of the term, â€Å"gothic†; a discussion of the characteristics of Gothic architecture; conclusion. Explaining the Term, â€Å"Gothic† The term â€Å"gothic† was used by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), the Italian artist and historiographer known for this book on the famous architects, to refer to the artistic style that characterize the French churches such as the Notre Dame de Paris and the Church of Saint-Denis (Chapuis â€Å"Gothic Art†). The term came from the barbarians called Goths who were then known to lack the civility that the people â€Å"civilized† people such as the Romans ought to have. These barbarians were one of the Nordic tribes likened to that of the Vandals as despoilers (Tarnocyova 69) that brought the â€Å"civilization-filled† Roman Empire into flames (Chapuis â€Å"Gothic Art†). As such, the Goths represent a regression or at the very least a certain sort of backwardness, crudeness, and lack of refinement. In fact, the Academie d’Architecture, meeting in 1710, still described unacceptable architectural manners as â€Å"gothic† (Tarnocyova 69). Hence, the term is originally a pejorative term that intends to put down an artistic style and say that the style is at the very least barbaric and rude. The reason why Vasari charged the artistic style as â€Å"gothic† has nothing to do with the merits or demerits of the style. It also has nothing to do with the logic and ingenuity that the artistic style exhibits. Rather, Vasari, just like most people during the Renaissance, were victims of the prejudices of their period. It should be recalled that the Renaissance was characterized by despise for tradition. As such, anything that belonged to the â€Å"dark ages† cannot be considered as good and of value. It is only fairly recent that the artistic manner and beauty of the gothic period is acknowledged for all its already-perceived merits. Gothic Architecture Gothic art is widely known primarily because of Gothic architecture. In fact, as was already stated in the introduction, the beginning of the Gothic period is pegged on the time of the construction of the chevet of the Church of Saint-Denis. It was 1127 when Abbott Suger, then the Abbott of Saint-Denis who was also the confidant of French Kings like Louis VI and Louis VII (Wikipedia â€Å"Gothic Architecture†), decided to rebuild the Church of Saint-Denis. This rebuilding eventually gave way to a new art period. How was this period initiated, then? At this point, it will be worthwhile to first state the Abbot’s philosophical ideas that contributed a lot to the underlying spiritual ideology of the Gothic Saint-Denis. Abbot Suger was some sort of philosopher/theologian in his own right. Corresponding with the theologian Dionysius from Syria (whose philosophy was some sort of Neoplatonist Christianity) (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†), Suger came with the theory that God could best be represented as a powerful light, as a â€Å"supernatural light† as he would call it (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†), who through his omnipotence, spiritualizes everything that is material. As such, God’s church ought to be a place where light is mostly present. God’s church, being the gathering place of his people, ought to also be the place where God, as light, could put his people together represented by an enveloping light. With this in mind, Abbot Suger started rebuilding the west front of the church first (the abbot left the Carolingian nave untouched and moved to reconstruct the eastern part of the church). The initial impetus that defined the changes that the abbot did on the church was the desire to put more light on the choir. He wanted the effect of having something like a â€Å"Heavenly Jerusalem† (Tarnocyova 69) that is primarily perceived to be luminescent, in one way reflecting the glory, majesty and power of the One True God. In this way, the Church acts truly as Christ’s earthly bride, bringing heaven-on-earth, making the physical reflect what is spiritual. It was this eastern reconstruction that would eventually be considered the very first Gothic art. Putting this ideal was not an easy task to do. In the first place, the Romanesque period created bulky churches with thick walls and fewer and smaller windows. The creation of light, then, would entail an architecture that was different from what was then mainstream. It was in the face of this task that Abbot Suger’s architects thought of using a more sophisticated technology, the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch gave the architects additional flexibility that was not accessible through the curved arches. For one, the use of the arch meant lesser lateral thrust of the roof on the walls (Chapuis, â€Å"Gothic Art†). In addition to this, the new system of ribbed vaults allowed for thinner columns, allowing the stone material of the vaults to be lighter (Chapuis, â€Å"Gothic Art†) and space to be wider. Another important technology is the flying buttress that gave support to the thinner walls. These allowed for more space and more windows to be installed in these churches. More space and more windows meant more light penetrating the Church (or, in the case of Saint-Denis, the ambulatory of the church). Thus, Suger’s ideal is now a reality and Gothic architecture, with its characteristic pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, is finally born. It does not mean of course that Abbot Suger thought of Gothic architecture from a vacuum. It has to be remembered that â€Å"ribbed vaults, buttresses, clustered columns, ambulatories, wheel windows, spires and richly carved door tympanums were already features of ecclesiastical architecture† (Wikipedia â€Å"Gothic Architecture†). Even the pointed arch which is used to typify Gothic architecture is not a product of a strike of genius. Assyrian architecture already made use of pointed arches as early as 720 B. C. (Wikipedia, â€Å"Gothic Architecture†). Islamic presence in Europe, most especially in Spain, would account for the introduction of these arches in the West. What characterizes Gothic architecture then is not the presence of these individual architectural traits but the putting of these elements together forming a unique architectural style that allows for spires, space, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, grand rose windows, clustered columns, ambulatories to exist in one magnificent monument. Actually, as it could be noticed, these characteristics were put together not out of whim; Abbot Suger did not put these traits together just because. Instead, these architectural traits were utilized because of a purpose: the creation of light and space in the choir of Saint-Denis. Thus, as is always acknowledged, these beautiful architectural traits came together out of technical need. Gothic architecture then is a product of a technical and spiritual need that eventually is characterized by the typical Latin cross floor plan at the same literally showing forth height and light (Helfrich â€Å"History of Gothic Architecture†). Everything in a Gothic church shows forth height. This vertical emphasis could immediately be felt by an external viewer who may rapture in awe over the spires and pinnacles of Gothic churches. The facade as well as the entire west front of a church has pointed arches, shafts, and main arcade all of which pointing up. These amplify the already overwhelming effect of spires that unanimously bring the gazer’s eyes to heaven. Entering the Gothic church would continue that ethereal experience since the nave of a Gothic church is usually very high in proportion to its width. Upon looking up, the gazer would be led to look the ribbed vaults all of which leading to a boss in a pointing way. Not only would the gazer be enamored by the height that uplifts the spirit; there is also the magnificent ray of lights that passes through strain glasses and more magnificently through rose windows. Gothic churches are famous for these magnificent rose wheel windows the best ones such as those in Notre Dame and Chartres create the effect of the flooding of light all over the cathedral. These light rays are complemented by the large and numerous other windows in the church. The flooding of light and the univocal stress on height is again complemented by the Gothic sculpture on the tympanum or columns or totally not attached at all to architecture (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). Such architecture is characterized by naturalism at the same time the constant solemn disposition (Encarta â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture†). Conclusion Gothic art, specifically Gothic architecture, has been created initially out of the spiritual need that Abbot Suger problematized in Saint-Denis. This was then followed by the architectural-technical need to be able to answer to this spiritual need. These series of needs brought forth the fusion which is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest styles in architecture called gothic art. Works Cited â€Å"Gothic Architecture. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2 October 2007. 5 October 2007. . â€Å"Gothic Architecture† History Link 101. January 2004. 2 October 2007. http://www. historylink101. com/lessons/art_history_lessons/ma/gothic_architecture. htm. â€Å"Gothic Art and Architecture. † Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002. â€Å"Gothic Art. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 4 October 2007. 5 October 2007. . â€Å"Parts of a Cathedral. † Medieval Time Reference. 2 October 2007. http://www. btinternet. com/~timeref/cathpart. htm Chapuis, Julien. â€Å"Gothic Art†. In Timeline of Art History. October 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10 October 2007 http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot. htm. Helfrich, Serge. History of Gothic Architecture. 10 October 2007 http://www. xs4all. nl/~helfrich/gothic/architecture. html Tarnocyova, Bronislava. †Gothic Architecture† Bratislava Leaders Magazine III (2007): 68-69. Van de Bogart, Doris. Introduction to the Humanities: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Literature. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1970.

IOC Essays

IOC Essays IOC Essay IOC Essay The extract presented to me today is from the novel Fifth Business by Robertson Davies, published in the year 1970. It is a fiction in which the story is told in the first persons point of view. To be brief, the story is written by Duncan Ramey as a letter on his retirement from teaching at Collarbone College, addressed to the school Headmaster. This extract features Padre Blazon discussing miracles in which he uses repetition to emphasize its strong meaning and effect, his childhood in which the reference of Jungian analysis is made and finally the comparison between Duncan, Boy and Blazon concerning his chastity and the love of his vocation. Initially, the writer uses most often reported speech where he summarizes the characters actions and thoughts, but in this particular text he uses direct speech a form of English to connect with the reader or in this case Duncan Ramey himself. At first the tone of the text is compassionate and filled with lessons to learn reminding the reader of a speech from someone wise. However, later the reader comes away with a sense of desperate needs from Padre as he claims Behold me, Ramey, a virgin at the age of seventy-six! P. 167). Furthermore, the text is direct as it refers to what miracles really are within the example of Padre Blazons childhood and many others. Lines like Look at me, Ramey. I am something of a miracle myself. (p. 1 66) can engage the reader and captivate their interest in knowing more about how Padre was a miracle himself. The simple sentences in this extract are a common structural device used to create a d ramatic effect such as tension. It also might suggest fear and fast-paced action or thoughts for example I quote Miracles are things people cannot explain. P. 1 66), here we see the intensity brought into one sentence to put in mind the readers attention. Secondly, this extract takes place when Duncan meets Padre Blazon and they have a deep discussion in which he shares his theory about Mary Dumpster and that leads to the subject of miracles. Blazon says Oh, miracles! They happen everywhere. They are conditional. (p. 1 66), through this quote we can state that Padre Blazon is a wise old man who is a confidant of Dunn, his knowledge and experience makes him one of the wisest characters in the novel. Although he lives with his own personal doubts, but through those doubts, he emits wisdom beyond belief. In this dialogue Padre Blazon targets Duncan with the purpose of defining miracles to him in different ways. The repetition Of miracle was really concentrated in the first paragraph to push the readers point of view as well as Duncan because in this case Padre was having a conversation with him. For instance when Blazon says Your artificial leg would have been a miracle in the Middle Ages-? probably a Devils miracle. (p. 66), we see how Padre as illustrating it to him. Duncan viewed his artificial leg as something he had to live with. In fact, its something he wouldnt think of as a miracle. More importantly the writer chose the word Devil to highlight how genius of a miracle it would have been in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless Fifth Business is based on Jungian psychology and throughout the novel there is many meanings and connections made with archetypes. In this case, it is Padr e Blazon, he is the wise old man who tells Dunn there are two types of truth: psychological and objective. He also tells Dunn that if he thinks Mary is a saint, then she is to him and that he should discover what role she plays in his personal mythology. To get back to the point, in this extract Padre discusses miracles in which Mary Dumpster plays a huge role because Dunn sees her as a fool-saint. A woman who brought his brother Willie back to life, transformed a tramp and finally appeared on the battlefield as the Virgin Mary in before Dunn lost consciousness. On the other hand, Blazon recalls that he is born with a past, which refers to the Jungian analysis once again. The second paragraph of this extract highlights his childhood and how he came to this world with a past constructed by his poor mother. Padre specifically says So she vowed solemnly, in church, that if she might bear a son, she would give him to the service of God. , being that, after having seven daughters and finally a son, his mother knew he was a miracle. As a result, he was and I quote studious, obedient, intelligent and chaste. (P. 167). Padre Blazon is a character that serves the purpose of helping Duncan better define himself. He comes to him as an older, trusted advisor. Blazon shows the reader how Duncan, even while doing good, has obsessive tendencies and he certainly helps him develop the idea of sainthood and the nature of the self, which is an occurring theme throughout the novel. In this extract we can see that Padres story about his childhood and his emphasis on miracles really comes back to Mary Dumpster and sainthood. Blazon is a man who has great experience and knowledge to give, which is why Duncan trusts him and listens to what he has to offer. Padre mentions and I tote I am going to Vienna now to work on the Catalogue of Greek Manuscripts in what used to be the Emperors Library. Hall be drowned in miracles, for those simple Greek monks liked nothing better and saw them everywhere. (p. 1 66), again we can see that he has the chance to work on Manuscripts in Vienna, something not anybody could do. Padre earns so many opportunities to learn more and master his knowledge, thus making him a wise old man. Regarding his chastity, Padre describ es his sexuality directly to the reader as mentioned before, but he also opens a parallel in which he says But always loud say, God did not give us this jewel of chastity to be trampled in the dirt pray for an honorable and loving marriage, and put me from your mind. (p. 167). This quote conveys the message of chastity, which was his weapon against those girls who wanted to seduce him. We can also make the comparison with Boy, Duncan and Padre. First, Boy breaks the message of this quote because he is someone that has the power and everything in his hands, he got every and any girl he wanted, yet he was married specifically putting his chastity in the dirt. Much less, Duncan has his morals and values, UT still managed to lose his virginity and get something out of it, experience wise versus Padre who kept his virginity. To conclude, this extract reveals many things about the characters, symbolism and the Jungian analysis. As I previously stated Padre Blazon is a wise old man with many experiences to learn and hear from, his wisdom nourishes Duncan in the two times they meet throughout the novel. This one in particular opens Duennas mind about miracles concerning Mary Dumpster and from this, he will continue his journey with the study of Histology.

Marketing In A Time of Globalization †Marketing Essay

Marketing In A Time of Globalization – Marketing Essay Free Online Research Papers Marketing In A Time of Globalization Marketing Essay In my limited 31 years on this planet, I have seen much development and evolution of the English language. From slang words like â€Å"metro-sexual† to words like gigabyte that describe new technologies and services never seen before in history, there have been millions of new words introduced into society. Globalization is another such word that has evolved due to an interesting phenomenon sparked by factors such as the internet, ease of traveling and television. In this paper I will discuss globalization and a hopefully answer a few questions sparked by this new â€Å"buzz word† of the 21st century. The WikiPedia describes globalization as the worldwide phenomenon of technological, economic, and cultural change, as brought about by expanding facilities for intercommunication and interdependency between traditionally isolate cultures. Dramatically increased international trade and finance have established a medium wherein deeper cultural exchanges have taken place - greatly increasing the impact of global issues at the local scale. (Wikipedia) In short, globalization is the bringing together or the swapping of cultural ingredients among peoples of different cultures and countries. I found this picture on the internet and it drove the globalization point home. (Wikipedia.com) If this picture does not support the clashing of cultures I do not know what does. There are many trade theories that support the idea of globalization. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem states that a country which is capital-abundant will export the capital-intensive good. Likewise, the country which is labor-abundant will export the labor-intensive good. Each country exports that good which it produces relatively better than the other country. In this model a countrys advantage in production arises solely from its relative factor abundance. (internationalecon) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory basically says that countries will trade with those countries that have things that they need. This is the basis for international trade; quid pro quo. This â€Å"this for that† attitude among nations has really supported the fusion of culture. Prebisch-Singer Thesis also supports the idea of globalization. This thesis states that the price of products traded with other countries fall dramatically over time; therefore an increase in trading is needed to keep profits up. (bss.sfsu.edu) This means more business partnerships and more countries are reliant upon each other. This dependency and relationship between countries have really played a key role in the rapid globalization of the modern day world. Money might be the root of all evil, but it also can smooth out relations among super powers if both parties are getting what they want out of the deal. Two major drivers of globalization have been the break down of trade barriers and technology. Technology in particular has changed many aspect of modern life. Services such as the internet which allows for global communication at a seconds notice and the unadulterated exchange of information among individuals in opposite sides of the world have played a key role in the merging of cultures. The degradation of trade barriers have allowed for more business and exchanges to happen between countries. There has even been a lot of talk lately about lifting the trade embargo against Cuba. Money talks, and when it does, people listen. The people of Cuba would greatly benefit not only financially from trade lines with the US, but they would also benefit in social and economical ways as well. Globalization has affected almost every aspect of American life. It is pretty normal for me to have a piece of cold pizza for breakfast (Italian cuisine), go to lunch down the street at PF Chang’s, (Chinese cuisine) and then finish up a nice dinner that night at Tres Amigos, (Mexican cuisine). Another more important affect of globalization is in the work environment. In this politically correct world we live in, it is imperative that each person in a work environment feels comfortable in their environment. With many cultures coming together around the water cooler each day, it is imperative that employees and employers are knowledgeable about other cultures and peoples. Marketing is another area of life effected by globalization. In previous marketing classes, we learned that it is imperative to find your target market before marketing your product. What if that target market is of another culture? What if you want to target your product to multiple genres and cultures? Every culture is different and reacts to marketing differently. Wal-Mart, saturated in the US, has been looking over seas for more potential shoppers. Lately they have been targeting China; Wal-Mart has spent millions of dollars in research figuring out how to market to the Chinese people. Regional trade blocs are intergovernmental associations that manage and promote trade activities for specific regions of the world. (ucatlas). Some well known trading blocs include the EU (European Union; see Map 1), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement; see Map 2), MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Cono Sur, also known as Southern Common Markets (SCCM); see Map 3), and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations; see Map 4). The following maps show trade data for 2001 (UNCTAD 2002). Map 1 Map 2 Map 3 Map 4 http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php NAFTA is the trade bloc that affects North America the most. January 1, 2004 marks the tenth anniversary of the North American Free Trade Agreement’s implementation. NAFTA promoters including many of the world’s largest corporations promised it would create hundreds of thousands of new high-wage U.S. jobs, raise living standards in the U.S., Mexico and Canada, improve environmental conditions and transform Mexico from a poor developing country into a booming new market for U.S. exports. (citizen.org) The EU has become the most powerful trading bloc in the world with a GDP now exceeding that of the United States. In fact, the EU is currently exporting 813 billion dollars worth of goods and services. The creation of the euro as a single currency for 12 EU members has led to ever closer economic links. The EU has found it difficult to shed its protectionist past based on the idea of self-sufficiency in agriculture which limits agricultural exports from the other countries. (revisioncaptain.com) The importance of the EU is the fact that Europe is a huge economic partner with the United States. If they fail, then our strong economic ties would put a huge strain on our economy as well. Globalization has been a bi-product of the rapid expansion of peoples of different nations and cultures clashing. Sparked by monetary funds and kept up by the thought of a more prosperous and comfortable lifestyle, countries will continue to merge their cultures as our peoples merge their living, business and vacation geographic locations. References Http://www.Wikipedia.com Http://www.Sticky-Marketing.com Http://www.Learnthat.com http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php citizen.org/trade/nafta revisionguru.co.uk/economics/blocsex.htm Research Papers on Marketing In A Time of Globalization - Marketing EssayDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCapital PunishmentGenetic Engineering

Ethics andPublic Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics andPublic Administration - Essay Example The author of the paper "Ethics and Public Administration" assumes that morality defines the way in which one differentiates their intentions, how they arrive at their decisions and choose actions that their consciousness perceives to be right over what is wrong (Kakabadse, Korac-Kakabadse & Kouizmin 2003). Politics, on the other hand, entails the practice of structured control over people on an individual or civic level by those in governance positions. The functions of politics range from making laws to negotiating with opposing political views in order to promote one’s views, to exercising force against enemies (which may include warfare). On the social level, politics is practiced from family units, clans, tribes and societies. On a broader scale, it is inherently present in local governments, institutions, states and international levels (Kakabadse, Korac-Kakabadse & Kouizmin 2003). In view of morality and politics, Machiavelli, an Italian writer, humanist, philosopher, d iplomat and politician of the renaissance period, argued that the requirements of the two are not compatible. Although there are upright, incorruptible politicians, it is common knowledge that most require help from influential individuals or corporate bodies to get past the preliminary stages of elections. However, this help is more often than not to be paid back, which forms the basis of argument of this paper, which will support the argument that the requirements of a moral and political life are incompatible.... When factional conduct is pursued, it always compromises the goal of common welfare which politicians are ideally meant to achieve. Evidently, factions are, therefore, the results of both public and private corruption among the citizens. Machiavelli believed that to avoid the corruption, one had to choose between two sets of virtues. Whoever chose personal morality would have to give up any vision of an unwavering and prosperous society where everyone flourishes on what is rightfully earned. On the other hand, whoever chose politics would have to give up all hopes of quenching personal anxiety. One sees that Machiavelli’s thinking shows that although the ultimate goal of personal morality and politics may be the same, they are driven by entirely different sets of values that contradict each other and may lack rational, achievable solutions (James 2003). After officiating in the Florentine Republic as secretary to the chancery and being responsible for military and diplomatic a ffairs, Machiavelli’s arguments must have been informed by actual experiences. One of his popular writings, The Prince, was done after the recovery of power by the Medici, who were not in power during the time he served as secretary to the chancery. From The Prince, one can draw a picture of Machiavelli’s view of political rule without influence of ethics or morals, where the politicians are completely conscious of the institution of politics in exercising power effectively. Like many political philosophers, Machiavelli believes there is a correlation between authority and moral uprightness. However, he goes further to point out that the relationship is different when it comes to â€Å"legitimate† authority. Exercising political power can

Strategic Management Accounting - Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management Accounting - - Assignment Example The company has been able to maintain a competitive edge through increased innovative, good corporate image and technological advancement. In this organization, decision making can be characterized as participatory where all the management is employed in decision making process. The second problem is presence of management teams that does not have long-range plans, also the management team is not dynamic, i. e., the majority of the management impedes change in the organization. In order to determine whether to replace the existing machine with the new mechanism, we need to calculate the Net Present value relative to the old machine. In order to achieve this objective we will follow the following steps: The decision criteria of the company are to select projects that have their payback period as five years and below. In the case of AL II, the payback period is 9.05 years, therefore, the replacement process should not be undertaken. My advice is to reject the project since the IRR is below the company cost capital. In addition to this, internal rate of return is one of the best criteria as it is considered to be a measure of marginal efficiency of the capital invested. There is need to analyze the firm financial capacity toward financing the replacement proposal. If it is not financially capable in implementing the proposal, the firm should search from resources elsewhere. In this case, the firm may result in borrowing, thus, the firm should consider the cost of borrowing and covenants attached to such borrowed funds (Hoque, 2005). It is necessary to consider the level of environmental degradation occasioned by the implementation of the proposal. If the existing machines pollute the environment at higher rate, that increases chances of the company facing legal suits emanating from environment pollution, the company might consider undertaking the proposal. Another strategic factor that needs to be