Vanderbilt Law School debate on the Death penalty Essay

Vanderbilt Law School banter on the Death punishment - Essay Example Attributable to the above subtleties gave, the rival of capital punishment, Dr. Ken Haas, was all the more persuading in his contention (Haas and Marquis). Capital punishment isn't just about liberal or moderate legislative issues yet additionally about the ethical decisions of this country. This dissipates any idea that capital punishment banter is about traditionalist and liberal governmental issues. The advocate of capital punishment expounds that this type of discipline should just be used on the most egregious crooks. In that capacity, most homicide convicts would not confront execution since the greater part would not rehash their activities. Convicts such Mohamed who over and over executed honest regular citizens should face such serious discipline. This is on the grounds that they have demonstrated obviously that they had the aim to perpetrate the wrongdoing over and over. On an ethical premise, this discipline is unsuitable attributable to the holy idea of life. Be that as i t may, the advocate uncovers that this extreme disciplinary measure deterrently affects crooks. As per the examination refered to, it uncovers that the punishment spares hundred of blameless regular citizens. Generally speaking, this discipline is indecent, yet the equity framework ought to have this choice attributable to some extraordinary situations that require measures. Capital punishment is unseemly yet a legitimate need (Haas and Marquis). Capital punishment has caused a ton of discussion even among judges. In this way, in 1985 a few appointed authorities were considered unfit to participate in court procedures since their perspectives would obstruct their capacity to settle on reasonable choices in accordance with the current rules. The rival imagines that the exploration on the obstacle impact of execution is a summit of blemished examination. The suspicion in this sort of exploration is objectivity. Notwithstanding, most criminal who will face such disciplines as execution have restricted choices. The main conceivable discipline is a lifelong incarceration without a possibility for parole. In this manner, the two disciplines are extreme. Subsequently, it will have no obstruction impacts. Also, the criminal who carried out an appalling wrongdoing may neglect to think objectively. In this manner, executions, particularly those that get significant levels of exposure, will extend a specific message to the general public. The message anticipated is that savagery is a way to determine bad behaviors. Consequently, executions may prompt further viciousness or add to a fierce culture in the general public. Capital punishment is just an intense position received against wrongdoing. In any case, research has uncovered that it passes on a wrong message to the general public. By and large, it is improper (Haas and Marquis). Cases that request such outrageous discipline produce monstrous open and media concerns. In that capacity, the equity framework may play int o the open display trap by looking for triumph instead of scanning for proof that will stick the suspect to the wrongdoing. The law masters may neglect to dissect indispensable proof or commit errors attributable to open weight. This will bring about an unlawful conviction. Ensuing interests may bring about an exoneration inferable from insufficient proof. The underlying procedures in such cases might be unprocedural as specialists pressure proof from witnesses. Disclosure of such an occasion will bring about the quittance of convicts. Most cases that may bring about execution witness significant mistakes in the procedure inferable from average or open consideration. The authorizing specialists may give in to such weight as they seek after a conviction as opposed to look for reality. The specialists

The Invention of the Radio essays

The Invention of the Radio papers The development of the radio has influenced almost every individual on this planet. Not a solitary day passes by without interacting with this gadget eventually. The historical backdrop of this instrument goes back to the late fifteen century. Around then the most splendid researchers werent even mindful of the likelihood that power, TV waves, and electro-attractive radiation encompassed there regular work. However even at this beginning period the capability of radio correspondence astonished the individuals who could dream of its prospects. The improvement of the remote radio has molded, and, in our darkest hours, assisted with sparing the world we live in today. While the improvement of the radio would take about three centuries, the primary live communicate would be given Christmas Eve of 1905 in the town of Brant Rock, Massachusetts (Radio...pg1). The primary documentation of research helping to the advancement of the radio was recorded in the year 1600 by Sir William Gilbert. His work was in the zone of attraction, and he is credited with the execution of the initial two Theories of Magnetism. This Englishmans most important work made the hypothesis that Earth itself was a colossal magnet (Time...pg1). The following headway of radio innovation, likewise finished up by an Englishman, would not happen for an additional two centuries. All through the seventeenth century a large number of the designers working with radio were tenaciously attempting to achieve a similar objective. The man who gained the most ground towards that objective was Joseph Henry. His work included the change of electronic heartbeats, known as oscillatory releases, through outdoors waves (Time...pg2). While Henry was effective with his work, the genuine pioneer of the wonders was Samuel Morse and his collaborator, Alfred Vail. The first form of Morse Code was finished in the year 1851 (Time...pg2). The Morse Code worked by utilizing a set arrangement of foreordained codes for eac... <!

Best Research Paper Websites

Best Research Paper WebsitesThe best research paper websites provide the best and safest research for students. These websites ensure that the research is safe and private and that no one else will be able to access it.The best research paper websites offer complete security and secrecy. They do not allow the students to see the research even when they are copying it. These websites offer this protection so that only the students themselves can access their results.The best research paper website is one that does not give up its secrets away to anyone. This is especially important if the students have to prove their work and give them a better grade. By disclosing the secret to others, the students will find it difficult to prove their results or give the grades as the original result was only possible with the use of the website.The other thing about the website that is to be kept a secret is the password that the students use to access it. This should also be kept a secret. For thi s reason, the password should be different from all the others and should be long and complicated.It is advisable that the password is kept a secret. This is because all students are capable of finding out the password. If they do not have the password, they can just log on to the website.The best website will also provide the students with a tracking and monitoring system. The students will be able to get a number on which they can look up at any time of the day. This will help them in searching for the results on the websites of the best research paper websites. This will help them in keeping the secrets more securely.The best research paper websites also help the students in saving time by minimizing the total time taken in writing their research papers. This helps them to finish their work in a relatively short time.The best research paper websites will also help the students to take a rest when needed and in other cases. This will not only help them to be efficient in their wor k but also keep them in top form. The best research paper websites can be found at many websites.

Racial Identity And Gender Identity Essay - 1623 Words

During the time I was born, in the 90’s, stereotypes were taught to children through school, family members, and media. â€Å"A stereotype is a mental category based on exaggerated and inaccurate generalizations used to describe all members of a group† (Bennett 91). As a child, I obviously did not realize I was being taught these cruel definitions based to categorize people into which racial group they should belong to. To put it another way, Bennett states, â€Å"As psychologists have pointed out, stereotyping is a natural phenomenon in that all humans develop mental categories to help make sense of their environments† (91). Provided that, I stereotyped my interviewee the same exact way numerous people stereotype me. For this reason, to better understand both the interviewee and myself racial identity, I consequently analyzed how we each portrait the world we live in. Henceforth, in order to understand my own identity, required me to map my racial identity using Banks typology of ethnic identity development. As a result, I concluded that I belonged in stage four: biethnicity. Banks describes biethnicity for individuals who believe are a part of not only their own ethnic culture group, as well as in another one (88). To clarify, I participate in both Ecuadorian and American culture. For example, my family and I celebrate the American holiday known as Thanksgiving, regarding the traditional American cuisines. Instead, my family and I celebrate Thanksgiving and other American holidaysShow MoreRelatedRacial Identity And Gender Identity879 Words   |  4 Pagesdons a pink bow on his head to become â€Å"Erica.† Meanwhile, Randy Marsh (as known as Lorde to most and Stan’s dad) must battle with his gender identity and that of his music as women at his work are uncomfortable with sharing a bathroom with him, therefore he must receive his ow n against his wishes. While both Cartman’s and Randy Marsh’s struggles with their gender identity revolve around the use of a bathroom, through the juxtaposition of the actions of shooting a school and becoming transgender, theRead MoreGender And Racial Identity Of Film2128 Words   |  9 PagesYue Zheng Prof. Aili Bresnahan PHL 324 11/8/2016 Gender and Racial Identity in Film Gender and racial identity was a form of discrimination in the world and they were interrelated that fuelling the injustice social phenomenon and problem. For example, women were a particular group and as a symbol showed the social abuses, acts of violence and biggest discrimination based on the sexual difference and racism. The difference of color, race, gender were the big biases not only to deprive of women’sRead MoreSex, Gender, Racial Identity, And Stereotyping And Labeling Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pageswith many different racial identities, yet cultivates its pop culture through a ‘black and ‘white’ preface. The U.S is known to categorize diverse races into one; highlighting the inferiority other races face while living within our culture. Women have been idealized and compounded into western society as sex symbols and housewives. Women from other races non-white or Black are not only seen the same way, but are also included in the melting pot of diluted racial identities formatted from â€Å"whitening†Read MoreGender, Racial, Level Of Education, Location And Aboriginal Identity Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pages Inequality, specifically income inequality is all over the world and affects the most disadvantaged people. This paper will argue that gender, level of education, location and Aboriginal identity are the causes of the income inequality that exists among Aboriginal men and women in Canada. Gender is a big factor in income inequality, because the hierarchy that is subliminally created in society plays a big role in â€Å"Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal relations† (Gerber 122). Education is also a main issueRead MoreBlack Women s Racial And Gender Identity And Attitudes Associated With Black Womanhood903 Words   |  4 Pagesto obtain a diverse sample of Black women in terms of socioeconomic status, age, sexual orientation, and other demographic characteristics. All women were told that they have an opportunity to take part in a study focused on Black women’s racial and gender identity and experiences and attitudes associated with Black womanhood. All women were provided with a web-based or one-page printed advertisement briefly outlining the study’s title, purpose, incentive, and necessary contact personnel. At the endRead MoreRace, Racial, And The Individual s Self Concept1729 Words   |  7 Pagesextent to which race is an important part of an individual’s self-concept in a particular situation or moment in time. Similar to racial salience, racial centrality is how individuals normatively define themselves in terms of race across all contexts. Racial regard is one’s positive or negative perception of Blacks and their understanding of others’ judgment of Blacks. This dimension has two components--private and public. Private regard is the extent to which an individual feel positively or negativelyRead MoreRacial Identity And Ethnicity Identity1626 Words   |  7 Pageswhen I realized my identity of how I saw myself and how others saw me when I was a child. I examined my identity by my gender identity, racial identity, and my ethnicity identity. I describe my earliest memory of realizing my gender identity by remembering when I realized I was a woman. I discuss how I became to learn about my racial identity and ethnicity identity by going to school with various people. I then describe how the aspects of my gender identity and racial identity did and did not influenceRead MoreCultural Differences Paper892 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual has multiple identities Race, ethnic, gender, national, regional, organizational, personal, cyber/fantasy—that act in concert. The importance of any single identity is a result of the situation. As the context varies, you may choose to emphasize one or more of your identities. A conceptual inquiry into race or gender would seek an articulation of our concepts of race or gender (Riley 1988). For outside a rather narrow segment of the academic world, the term ‘gender’ has come to functionRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Inequality Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries and even today, gender inequality and racial prejudice continue to exist. Throughout time these concepts have overlapped and intertwined, each other creating complex interactions and a negative influence upon society. In the 1980s, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw through her article, named Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, introduced the term â€Å"Intersectionality.† Intersectionality, is the theory of how different types of discriminationsRead MoreEffects Of Socialization1676 Words   |  7 Pagesour socialization from these agents. We are socialized into our race, gender, and class throughout our lives. Different studies examine the different ways we are socialized into these groups and how this socialization at an early age affects the individuals’ lives as adults. Race is one way that we distinguish ourselves from other groups of people. Racial socialization is defined as â€Å"learning about one’s ethnic and racial identity in a given culture† (Rohall 153). This is done primarily through one

Marketing Concept - 804 Words

NGÔ BÃÅ'NH MSc. in Marketing Università © Paris 1-Panthà ©on-Sorbonne EXCERCISE PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING VATC/IAE – Broward Program Term: Winter 2012 HCMC 2012 ------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER 1 ------------------------------------------------- MARKETING’S VALUE TO CONSUMERS, FIRMS, AND SOCIETY PART 1: TRUE OR FALSE 1. Marketing is important to every consumer Answer: 2. Marketing and Selling are basically synonymous terms. Answer: 3. The marketing concept has been adopted by virtually all major consumer goods producers. Answer: 4. The customers’ 4Ps are products amp; services, place, price amp; promotion Answer: 5. Marketing is needed because it is a basic functional area†¦show more content†¦A group of consumers willing and able to engage in exchange o. All of the above 4. If you stop at Coopmart for shopping, you have expressed a: p. Want q. Desire r. Demand s. Need t. Wish 5. The first computers origintaed for home use were only sold in kit form to technical enthusiasts who did their own assembly. At that time, the firm offering these kits would likely be in the ........... era. u. Production v. Marketing w. Product x. Sales y. Society 6. A state of felt deprivation of some basic satisfaction is termed a ........... z. Need {. Want |. Demand }. Need ~. Wish 7. The marketing concept could not be applied by ............ . Suppliers of raw materials . Service industries . Consumer goods manufacturers . Industrial goods manufacturers . All of the above could apply it 8. Which of the following statements best reflects a marketing philosophy? . â€Å"sales are down, let’s increase our advertising† . â€Å"we try to sell our high-quality widgets† . â€Å"how much customer service improvement would a new warehouse yield?† . â€Å" inventory costs are too high, we’ will have to cut down† . â€Å"the salesforce’s job is to sell as many units asShow MoreRelatedMarketing Concept Of Marketing Concepts1131 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing is about connecting the value of a product, service or brand to customers or consumer for the resolve of encouraging or selling that product, service, or brand. The concepts of Marketing are: Production concept, Product concept, selling concept, Marketing concept and Societal Marketing concept. Production concept: Production concept deals with production. Customer wants that product which is widely available and has a less price. Product concept: Production concept believes in customersRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing And Marketing1413 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPT Marketing is an act of promoting and selling products or a service, this also includes marketing research and advertising. The marketing concept is the philosophy used by companies to analyse the needs of their customers so they can be better than the competition. As well as this they must also take into consideration the companies capabilities and the environment it is working in, as they can face the pressures of environmental changes. By using the marketing concept companiesRead MoreMarketing Concepts1469 Words   |  6 PagesLIST OF SIX MARKETING CONCEPTS Following are the six concepts of marketing †¢ Production concept †¢ Product concept †¢ Selling concept †¢ Marketing concept †¢ Societal marketing concept †¢ Holistic marketing concept THE PRODUCTION CONCEPT: DEFINITION BY KOTLER: â€Å"It is the idea that customers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that the organization should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency.† EXPLANATION: ThisRead MoreThe Concepts Of Marketing And Marketing3747 Words   |  15 PagesMarketing deals with people s emotions and feelings, it also includes knowledge about the buyer’s psychology, his motives, attitudes, as well as influences of his family, groups of friends, and culture. To increase advertisements persuasiveness, advertisers can use various means, such as the theory of cognitive dissonance The elements of the marketing process are referred to as a set of controllable tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market The marketing processRead MoreMarketing Concepts2095 Words   |  9 PagesMarketing Concepts MAR110 Study Period 4, 2010 SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Research Report â€Å"Marketing’s really just selling with a posh name! What’s all this about a Marketing Concept?† EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research report aims to depict if there is any truth to the statement â€Å"Marketing is just selling with a posh name...† it also aims to illustrate the marketing concept, which refers to the second half of the statement â€Å" .....What’s all this about the marketing concept†Read MoreMarketing Concept3158 Words   |  13 PagesMarketing concept The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of the company being more effective than its competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating customer value to its chosen target markets. The marketing concept rests on four pillars: target market, customer needs, integrated Marketing and profitability. . The selling concept takes an inside-out perspective. It starts with the factory, focuses on existing products, and calls for heavy sellingRead MoreMarketing Theory And Marketing Concepts1469 Words   |  6 Pagessort of theory and concept. This assignment will be looking at the marketing theory and marketing concepts which are portrayed in the traditional marketing literature, and how they have limited application in guiding small business marketing practice. Marketing plays a vital role not only in developing, producing, and selling products or services, but also in guiding recruiting labors and raising capital. Although it can be said that successful entrepreneurs undertake marketing in unusual ways. TheyRead MoreMarketing : The Holistic Marketing Concept1392 Words   |  6 Pages Prior to this class, although I have some experience in a marketing type role, I thought of marketing as the process that was activated post product development and the vehicle to product/service promotion and advertisement to the marketplace. Through this class, I have a greater understanding of marketing, and realize promotion and advertisement is just a fraction of it, and has much more depth. Marketing begins at the beginning, and is integrated through to the end of the life cycle. It hasRead MoreMarketing Concept Report : Marketing Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Concept Report The world today has become a global village, and this has necessitated better marketing strategies to ensure the success of any business. Marketing has become very dynamic with many plans that are all designed to ensure a business survives in its market in this day of fierce competition. The markets have become a place of change or die, and that is why there are so many strategies such as segmentation, customer satisfaction, and consumer relationship management among other

Essay on Beyond Suffrage a Book Review - 861 Words

The book, Beyond Suffrage; Women in the New Deal, presents the role of women in the 1930s in a much different light than many people think of it. The goal of this book is to enlighten the reader as to what role women played in politics during the New Deal. Because of its broad view I have taken several specific examples from the book and elaborated on them in order to give you a better understanding. The author, Susan Ware, begins by laying the groundwork for the womens network. During the 1930s, many different organizations began to evolve to include women in their decision-making. The backbone to this movement seems to lie deep within the White House. The First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, held a great deal of influence in†¦show more content†¦Throughout the New Deal, there were many areas regarding social welfare that women were involved and played a critical role in. One specific leap for women was their involvement in the National Recovery Administration. It seems that, there was a wide variety in the roles women played in the NRA. Rose Schneiderman served on the Labor Advisory Board, and by doing so opened many doors to work with other womens organizations in efforts to sway the legislation towards womens rights. Eventually their hard work contributed to improved labor standards and higher minimum wages for women in the workplace. Although the role of women in the NRA was a major part of their involvement in the New Deal, these women were also involved in many other areas such as social security, the Civil Works Administration, and the Consumers League. Winding down, Beyond Suffrage, explains the eventual decline of the womens movement at the end of the 1930s. As the depression lifted a chain reaction began. Soon the programs of the New Deal were no longer needed and because most of the positions that women held were in the New Deal programs, many women were displaced or else their advancement became stagnant. As the focus on the soc ial programs of the New Deal waned, so did the communication and zest that the womens network previously had. This coupled with the eventual retirement of the originators of the network all contributed to the stagnation of the womensShow MoreRelatedEssay on Beyond Suffrage: A Book Review840 Words   |  4 Pages The book, Beyond Suffrage; Women in the New Deal, presents the role of women in the 1930’s in a much different light than many people think of it. The goal of this book is to enlighten the reader as to what role women played in politics during the New Deal. Because of it’s broad view I have taken several specific examples from the book and elaborated on them in order to give you a better understanding. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author, Susan Ware, begins by laying the groundwork for theRead MoreSusan E. Marshall s Splintered Sisterhood : Gender And Class855 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst Woman Suffrage, focuses on a struggle against suffrage for women throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The book not only goes into great detail about the woman’s antisuffrage movement, but it also goes in depth in the campaign for women’s suffrage. The book shows how the antisuffrage movement was dealt with politically and personally by women and men alike. The author of the novel, Splintered Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage is SusanRead MoreThe Woman Suffrage Parades of 1910 and 1913 by J. L. Borda1935 Words   |  8 PagesThe journals review signifies the perception through an author’s concentration being on specific scope in regards to the women’s suffrage. The collection of information led to an enhanced understanding of the subject matter. Therefore, the perspective author’s analyzing topics varying in methods used by women for political recognition, the feminist movement impact, challenges faced within the campaign, and the history of the national and social movements in the global battle for women suffragistsRead MoreTranscendentalism, An American Philosophy1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthat would go on to transform the social structure of America into what it is and is still becoming today. Transcendentalism is an American philosophy that humankind has an innate sense of being and knowledge of the world around them that extends beyond the tangible, physical realm that can simply be seen, heard, tasted, touched, or felt. This idea disregards logic and reason, focusing almost entirely on intuition and imagination. Therefore, according to 26f. Transcendentalism, An American PhilosophyRead MoreEssay on A Progressive Movement1538 Words   |  7 PagesBaker, Richard McCormick, and Peter Filene have written their opinion on what the movement we call Progressivism really was, and what its real significance is, or even if it really existed as a movement in its own right. Richard Hofstadter’s book The Age of Reform was written in 1955 and influenced future historians in their studies on the progressive movement. Hofstadter argues that the progressive movement was due to the loss of status of the professional and gentry classes to the â€Å"new moneyRead MoreEssay about Mary Wollstonecraft: A Radical Englishwoman1273 Words   |  6 PagesEnglishwoman Mary Wollstonecraft lived in a time where women had no right to vote, no right to education beyond what their mother or governess taught them, and basically no right to individuality or an opinion. They were considered possessions and virtually had no mind of their own. She realized that this was a problem of society and openly voiced her opinions on the matter. She wrote the book A Vindication of the Rights of Women in response to a literary response to the societys so-calledRead MoreDr. Abbott And Social Welfare History1128 Words   |  5 Pagesthe second child of four, in Grand Island, Nebraska. Edith’s mother, Elizabeth, heavily influenced Edith’s active role in the rightful treatment of others, as her mother was both a feminist and an abolitionist. Edith’s political affiliation was pro-suffrage for woman and republican. Her family were Quakers, as was her mother, Elizabeth. Elizabeth played a crucial role in women’s higher education an d also, graduated from Rockford Seminary in 1868 (Women s Intellectual Contributions, n.d.). Edith’s fatherRead MoreEconomic Analysis of Title Ix1432 Words   |  6 Pagesvote. However, in the United States, ever since women’s suffrage, all women’s rights have been increasing steadily. One privilege that men have had in the past, active and supported participation in intercollegiate sports, has also been opened up to women through Title IX, part of an amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Although Title IX does not solely target sports, its effect on college sports across the United States reaches far beyond what policymakers and others involved in its inceptionRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Activism and Views of Women Held by Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s and Hillary Clinton1848 Words   |  7 PagesDepression provided Clinton and Roosevelt with a unique opportunity to influence the legislation on national social welfare made possible by the econom ic crisis. After the death of Roosevelts husband, she became independent and made money from writing books, holding motivational talks and writing news columns. To date, no other First Lady holds an international career after the demise of her husband. On the contrast, the prominence of Clinton was symbolized by her previous position as the leader of theRead More The Scope of Woolf’s Feminism in A Room of One’s Own Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesintention in writing A Room of One’s Own may have actually been to create a work that lay somewhere in between these two extremes. In one of the earliest reviews of A Room of One’s Own, British novelist Arnold Bennett addressed the question of feminism in the essay and concluded that Woolf was not writing from a feminist perspective. â€Å"It is a book a little about men and a great deal about women. But it is not ‘feminist.’ It is non-partisan,† Bennett declared. In Describing Woolf’s perspective as

Chemistry Notes Essay Example For Students

Chemistry Notes Essay LECTURE 6 NOTES, CHM 101, SEC. 01SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONSTHE ACTUAL WEIGHING OF REACTANTS OFTEN PROVES IMPRACTICAL OR INCONVENIENT. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IF REACTANTS ARE GASES, LIQUIDS, OR VERY REACTIVE. HOW CAN WE DELIVER KNOWN WEIGHTS OF REACTANTS WITHOUT WEIGHING THEM FIRST?CONSIDER: HNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 + H2ONEITHER NITRIC ACID, NOR SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN BE WEIGHED EASILY. WHY?HOWEVER, SOLUTIONS OF KNOWN AMOUNT OF SOLUTE PER UNIT VOLUME CAN BE DELIVERED IN KNOWN VOLUME TO GIVE PRECISELY-KNOWN AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS. WHY?BECAUSE: (MOLES/LITER) X LITERS = MOLESIF YOU KNOW THE NUMBER OF MOLES CONTAINED IN ONE LITER, YOU CAN CALCULATE THE MOLES CONTAINED IN ANY MEASURED VOLUME OF THAT SOLUTION. TYPICALLY, A FLASK CALLED A VOLUMETRIC FLASK IS USED TO PREPARE A SOLUTION OF KNOWN CONCENTRATION,(MOLES SOLUTE/LITERS SOLUTION). SOLUTE IS WEIGHED AND ADDED TO THE FLASK. THEN THE SOLVENT IS ADDED TO MAKE UP A KNOWN FIXED VOLUME OF SOLUTION. THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE PER UNIT VOLUME SOLUTION(TYPICALLY MOLES/LITER) IS CALLED THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTION. IT HAS TO BE DEFINED QUANTITATIVELY. THIS CAN BE DONE IN SEVERAL WAYS. WE WILL USE THE DEFINITION MOST COMMONLY USED IN ANALYSIS, MOLARITY. SOLUTION MOLARITY = MOLES SOLUTE/LITERS SOLUTIONTHE MOLARITY IS GIVEN THE SYMBOL, M. IF A SOLUTION IS 1.000 M, 1.000 LITERS OF SOLUTION CONTAIN EXACTLY 1.000 MOLES OF SOLUTE. THE USEFULNESS OF THE CONCEPT REVOLVES AROUND THE FACT THATMOLES = M x LITERS(moles/L)x LYOU MUST KNOW HOW TO PREPARE DILUTE SOLUTIONS FROM CONCENTRATED ONES. BASICALLY, MOLES = M x VLSOLUTION PREPARATIONIN MOST LABORATORIES REAGENTS ARE PURCHASED IN CONCENTRATED FORM DUE TO SHIPPING AND PACKAGING COSTS . THEY ARE RARELY USED AS DELIVERED. RATHER THEY ARE DILUTED FOR USE AS NEEDED. IF YOU EVER WORK IN A LABORATORY YOU MUST KNOW HOW TO PREPARE DILUTE SOLUTIONS FROM MORE CONCENTRATED ONES. ACS-CERTIFIED REAGENT-GRADE HCl IS SOLD IN BOTTLES CONTAINING 12.1 M SOLUTION. HOW WOULD YOU GO ABOUT PREPARING 1 LITER OF 0.100 M HCl?USE THE RELATION:MOLES CON. HCl = MOLES DILUTE HClMCON x VCON = MDIL x VDIL12.1 x VCON = 0.100 x 1.00VCON = 0.100/12.1 = 0.00826 LITERS0.00826 L(1000 mL/Liter) = 8.26 mL8.26 mL OF CONCENTRATED HCl WHEN ADDED TOMAKE ONE LITER OF SOLUTION RESULTS IN A SOLUTION WHICH IS 0.100 M. IT IS A LITTLE EASIER TO MAKE UP SOLUTIONS OF PRECISE MOLARITY VALUES IF THE SOLUTE IS A SOLID AND CAN BE WEIGHED. SILVER NITRATE, AgNO3, IS SUCH A REAGENT. HOW MANY GRAMS OF SILVER NITRATE MUST BE ADDED TO A 100.00 mL FLASK TO PRODUCE A 0.200 M SOLUTION. Ag NO3(S) = Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 0.200M 0.200MSTRATEGY: FIND THE MOLES AgNO3 NEEDED FOR THE SOLUTION. THEN FIND WHAT THOSE MOLES WEIGH. MOLES AgNO3 = MxV = 0.200 x 0.10000 = 0.0200MASS AgNO3 = MOLES x(GRAMS/MOLE)0.0200 x 169.8731 = 3.3975 gWITH WHAT PRECISION DO WE NEED TO WEIGH OUT THE SILVER NITRATE?CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS:25. Calculate the mass, in grams, of 1.12 mol CaH2. HOW DO WE FIND THE MASS IF WE KNOW THE NUMBER OF MOLES AND THE MOLECULAR FOLMULA?FROM THE MOLECULAR FORMULA WE CALCULATE THE AVERAGE MASS OF ONE MOLE, THE MOLAR MASS IN GRAMS. ONCE WE HAVE THE MOLAR MASS WE MULTIPLY THE MOLAR MASS BY THE NUMBER OF MOLES, 1.12. MASS = (GRAMS/MOLE) X MOLESWE MUST KNOW THE MOLAR MASS TO MAKE THE CALCULATION. Molecular mass = mass atoms in the molecule. =mass Ca + 2x mass H = 40.077 + 2(1.00794) =42.093u/molecule or = 42.093 g./moleTHAT IS THE MOLAR MASS OF CALCIUM HYDRIDE IS 42.093 GRAMS/MOLE. TO CALCULATE THE MASS IN 1.12 MOLES:MASS 1.12 MOLES = = (42.093 GRAMS/MOLE)(1.12 MOLES)= 47.1 g. NOTE THE 3 SIG. FIGS. 27. Calculate the number of moles corresponding to 98.6 g of nitric acid, HNO3. RECOGNIZE: MOLES = GRAMS/(GRAMS/MOLE)AGAIN WE NEED TO KNOW THE MOLAR MASS. THIS TIME WE MUST CALCULATE THE MOLAR MASS OF NITRIC ACID. .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .postImageUrl , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:hover , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:visited , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:active { border:0!important; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:active , .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5 .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93bdd1fcef2ef13de635f5e0839270b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Service and Helping Others and Three Reasons People are Hesitant to Help EssayMOLAR MASS = mmass N + mmass H + 3x mmass O14.0067 + 1.00794 + 3(15.9994) == 63.0128 g/moleMOLES = 98.6g / (63.0128 g/mole) = 1.56 moles29. Calculate the number of molecules in 4.68 mol H2O?YOU HAVE TO RECOGNIZE THAT ONE MOLE CONTAINS 6.02 x 1023 MOLECULES. THUS,THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES = = MOLES X (MOLECULES/MOLE) =MOLECULES = 4.68 moles(6.02 x 1023 molecules/mole) = 28.2 x 1023 = 2.82 x 1024 molecules. HOW MANY TOTAL ATOMS ARE IN THE ABOVE MOLECULES?35. What is the mass per cent oxygen in the compound having the formula, HOOCCH2CH(CH3)COOH?YOU MUST RECOGNIZE THAT:MASS % O = MASS O per mole/molar massx100THUS, WE NEED TO KNOW THE MASS OF OXYGEN IN ONE MOLE OF MATERIAL AND THE MOLAR MASS OF THE MATERIAL. THIS CAN BE DONE GIVEN THE ATOMIC MASSES AND THE FORMULA. MASS O per mole = 4 x(15.9994) g. = 63.9976 g. Molar mass = 5x(atomic mass C) + 4x(atomic mass O) + 8x(atomic mass H) = 5 x 12.011 + 4 x 15.9994 + 8 x 1.00794 = 132.116 g/mole%O = (mass O)/(mass/mole) x 100 = =(63.9976/132.116)x100 = 48.4405 %39. THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE IS C3H2Cl. IF THE MOLECULAR MASS IS 147 u, WHAT IS THE FORMULA?RECOGNIZE THAT THE MOLECULAR MASS IS AN INTEGRAL MULTIPLE OF THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MASS. THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MASS = 3x mass C + 2 x mass H + mass Cl =3(12.011) + 2(1.00794) + 35.453 = 73.502 uTWO TIMES THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MASS IS EXACTLY THE MOLECULAR MASS. THIS MEANS THAT THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ISC3H2Cl2 OR C6H4Cl2. 43. Resorcinol, is composed of 65.44% C, 5.49 % H and 29.06 % O. Its molecular mass is 110 u. Determine the molecular formula. RECOGNIZE THAT YOU HAVE BEEN GIVEN THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO CALCULATE THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA. THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MASS MULTIPLIED BY A SMALL WHOLE NUMBER WILL GIVE THE MOLECULAR MASS. GIVEN PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION DATA, PROCEED ON THE BASIS OF A 100.000 GRAM SAMPLE. THAT IS, ASSUME YOU HAVE A 100 g SAMPLE AND THAT IT CONTAINS 65.44g C, 5.49 g. H AND 29.06 g. O. FIND THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF EACH ELEMENT IN THE SAMPLE. MOLES C = 65.44 g/ (12.011 g/mole) = 5.448MOLES H = 5.49 g./ (1.00794 g/mole) = 5.45MOLES O = 29.06 g./ (15.9994 g./mole) = 1.816MOLES C/MOLES O = 5.448/1.816 = 3.000MOLES H/MOLES O = 5.45/ 1.816 = 3.00THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA = C3H3OTHE FORMULA MASS = 312.011 + 31.00794 + 15.9994 = 55.056 uSINCE THE MOLECULAR MASS IS 110 u, THECORRECT MOLECULAR FORMULA WILL BE C3H3O2 = C6H6O2 , OR THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA MULTIPLIED BY TWO. 55. Balance the following:Cl2O5 + H2O HClO3LATER IN THE COURSE YOU WILL BE GIVEN BETTER DEVICES FOR BALANCING EQUATIONS. AT THIS POINT TRY TO BALANCE THE ELEMENTS OTHER THAN OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN FIRST AND THEN BALANCE THE OXYGEN OR HYDROGEN WITH WHAT EVER MOLECULES YOU HAVE AVAILABLE. START WITH ClCl2O5 2 HClO3 NOTE BY INSPECTION THAT ADDING ONE WATER TO THE LEFT SIDE WILL PRODUCE BALANCE. Cl2O5 + H2O = 2 HClO3ON BOTH SIDES YOU HAVE 2 Cl, 2 H AND 6 O. BALANCE Al + O2 Al2O3BALANCE Al FIRST:2Al Al2O3 NOTE YOU NEED AN EVEN NUMBER OF OXYGENS. 4 Al 2 Al2O3 SEE 3 O2 WILL BALANCE O. 4 Al + 3 O2 = 2 Al2O3 BALANCED. 61. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 = 16 CO2 + 18 H2Ojjj. How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced when 1.8 x 104 moles of octane are burned?THE STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS TELL US:MOLES CO2/ MOLES OCTANE = 16/2 = 8/1 = 8THAT IS, MOLES CARBON DIOXIDE = 8 X MOLES OCTANE. MOLES CARBON DIOXIDE = 8 x 1.8 x 104 = 14.4 x 104 = 1.4 x 105. 67. Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons used in heating and as a jet fuel. Assume that kerosene can be represented by C14H30 and that it has a density of 0.763 g/mL. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by the combustion of 3.785 L of kerosene?Strategy: 1. Partially balance the equation for combustion. 2. Note that you have been given the density and the volume of the kerosene. From d = m/v you can calculate the mass of the kerosene. From the mass you can calculate moles after calculating the molar mass of kerosene. .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .postImageUrl , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:hover , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:visited , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:active { border:0!important; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:active , .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931 .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10424c53ecd8c22ec94861157236f931:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Different Methods Of Quantitative Research Essay3. From the balanced equation you determine the ratio of moles carbon dioxide to kerosene. 4. From moles carbon dioxide you calculate grams carbon dioxide. C14H30 + x O2 = y H2O + 14 CO2 Note moles carbon dioxide = 14 x moles kerosene. Mass kerosene = d x v = (.763 g/mL)(3785mL) = 2.89103 g. MOLAR MASS KEROSINE = 14x 12.011 + 30 x 1.00794 = 198.392 g/moleMOLES KEROSENE = 2.89 x 103/198.392 = 14.6MOLES CARBON DIOXIDE = 14.00 X 14.6 = 204GRAMS CARBON DIOXIDE = 204moles X 44.01g/mole = 8978 g = 8.98 KG. 73. Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate and water:2 LiOH + CO2 = Li2CO3 + H2OIf a reaction vessel contains 0.150 mol LiOH and 0.080 mol CO2, which compound is the limiting reagent? How many moles of the carbonate can be produced?0.150 mol of LiOH will react with 0.075 mol of carbon dioxide. (Moles carbon dioxide)/(moles LiOH) = . Thus, the LiOH is the limiting reagent and all the carbon dioxide is not used up. The number of moles of the carbonate will be the same as the number of moles carbon dioxide used, 0.075. 83.a Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared from 6.00 mol HCl in 2.50 L solution. M = moles solute/liters solution = 6.00 moles/2.50 L = 2.4 moles/liter87. How many mL of a 0.215 M solution are required to contain 0.0867 mol NaBr?Note M x VL = moles = 0.0867 = 0.215 x VLVL = 0.0867/.215 = 0.403 liters = 403 mLScience Essays

A History of the Colony of Rhode Island

A History of the Colony of Rhode Island The colony of Rhode Island was founded between 1636 and 1642 by five separate and combative groups, most of whom had been expelled or left the Massachusetts Bay colony for disputative reasons. The colony was first named Roodt Eylandt by Dutch trader Adriaen  Block (1567–1627), who had explored that area for the Netherlands. The name means red island and it refers to the red clay that Block reported there. Fast Facts: Rhode Island Colony Also Known As: Roodt Eylandt, Providence PlantationsNamed After: Red Island in Dutch, or perhaps after RhodesFounding Year: 1636; permanent charter 1663Founding Country: EnglandFirst Known European Settlement: William Blackstone, 1634Residential Native Communities: Narragansetts, Wampanoags  Founders: Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, William Arnold, Samuel GortonImportant People: Adriaen BlockFirst Continental Congressmen: Stephen Hopkins, Samuel WardSigners of the Declaration: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Early Settlements / Plantations Although the Puritan British theologian Roger Williams (1603–1683) is often given the sole role of founder of Rhode Island, the colony was in fact settled by five independent and combative sets of people between 1636 and 1642. They were all English, and most of them began their colonial experiences in Massachusetts Bay colony but were banished for various reasons. Roger Williamss group was the earliest: in 1636, he settled in what would become Providence on the north end of Narragansett Bay, after he was kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay colony.   Roger Williams had grown up in England, only leaving in 1630 with his wife Mary Barnard when the persecution of Puritans  and Separatists began increasing. He moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and worked from 1631 to 1635 as a pastor and a farmer. Although many in the colony saw his views as quite radical, Williams felt that the religion he practiced must be free from any influence of the Church of England and the English king. In addition, he questioned the right of the King to grant land to individuals in the New World.  While serving as a pastor in Salem, he had a fight with the colonial leaders, because he believed that each church congregation should be autonomous and should not follow directions sent down from the leaders.   Founding of Rhode Island In 1635, Williams was banished to England by the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his beliefs in the separation of church and state and freedom of religion. Instead, he fled and lived with the Narragansett Indians  in what would become Providence Plantation (meaning settlement). Providence, which he formed in 1636, attracted other separatists who wished to flee from colonial religious rules of which they did not agree.   One such separatist was the poet and feminist  Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643), another Puritan from Massachusetts Bay, who began Pocasset on Aquidneck Island in 1638, which eventually became Portsmouth. She had been banished for speaking out against the Church in Massachusetts Bay. William Coddington (1601–1678), a magistrate at Massachusetts Bay, settled first in Pocasset but split from Hutchinsons group and settled in Newport, also on Aquidneck Island, in 1639. In 1642, Massachusetts Bay ex-patriot William Arnold (1586–1676) settled on the mainland in Pawtuxet, now part of Cranston. Finally, Samuel Gorton (1593–1677) settled first in Plymouth, then Portsmouth, and then Providence, and finally set up his own group in Shawomet, later renamed to Warwick in 1642.   A Charter Political and religious squabbling was a common feature of these small plantations. Providence evicted people for speaking out in meetings; Portsmouth had to hire two police officials in late 1638 to keep the peace; a small group of people from Shawomet were arrested and brought forcibly to Boston where they were tried and convicted on various charges. William Arnold fell into dispute with Warwick plantation and for a time put his plantation under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay. These disputes were primarily were struggles over religious practices and governing, in addition to boundary issues with Connecticut. Part of the problem was they had no charter: the only legitimate authority in Rhode Island from 1636–1644 was the voluntary compacts which everybody but Gortons group had agreed to. Massachusetts Bay kept intruding into their politics, and so Roger Williams was sent to England to negotiate an official charter in 1643.   Uniting the Colony The first charter was validated by British Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell in 1644 and that became the basis of government in Rhode Island colony in 1647. In 1651, Coddington obtained a separate charter, but protests led to the reinstatement of the original charter. In 1658, Cromwell died and the charter had to be renegotiated, and it was on July 8, 1663, that the Baptist minister John Clarke (1609–1676) went to London to get it: that charter united the settlements into the newly named Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.   Despite the conflict, or perhaps because of it, Rhode Island was quite progressive for its day. Known for fierce independence and the absolute separation of church and state, Rhode Island attracted persecuted groups such as Jews and Quakers. Its government guaranteed freedom of religion for all its citizens, abolished witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, most capital punishment, and chattel slavery of both blacks and whites, all by 1652.   The American Revolution Rhode Island was a prosperous colony by the time of the American Revolution with its fertile soil and ample harbors. However, its harbors also meant that after the French and Indian War, Rhode Island was severely impacted by British import and export regulations and taxes. The colony was a frontrunner in the movement towards independence. It severed ties before the Declaration of Independence. Although not a lot of actual fighting occurred on Rhode Island soil, except for the British seizure and occupation of Newport until October 1779.   In 1774, Rhode Island sent two men to the First Continental Congress: former governor and then-chief justice of the Supreme Court Stephen Hopkins and former governor Samuel Ward. Hopkins and William Ellery, an attorney who replaced the deceased Samuel Ward, signed the Declaration of Independence for Rhode Island.   After the war, Rhode Island continued to show its independence. In fact, it did not agree with the federalists and was the last to ratify the U.S. Constitution- after it had already gone into effect, and the government had been established. Sources and Further Reading Bozeman, Theodore Dwight. Religious Liberty and the Problem of Order in Early Rhode Island. The New England Quarterly 45.1 (1972): 44-64. Print.Frost, J. William. Quaker Versus Baptist: A Religious and Political Squabble in Rhode Island Three Hundred Years Ago. Quaker History 63.1 (1974): 39-52. Print.Gorton, Adelos. The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton. Philadelphia, Higgenson Book Company, 1907.  McLoughlin, William. Rhode Island: A History. States and the Nation. W. W. Norton Company, 1986

Caskets Of Fortune Essays - Orientalism, The Merchant Of Venice

Caskets Of Fortune Essays - Orientalism, The Merchant Of Venice Caskets Of Fortune Caskets of Fortune Word is spread, a fair maiden awaits suiters to challenge the puzzle to win her hand and marriage, and in wealth. Her father has passed away, leaving her with only a memory of him, and more dumbfounded suiters come and challenge to see if they really are the one to inherit the fortune. There are three caskets, First of gold, who this inscription bears: Who Chooseth me shall gain what many men desire, The second silver, which this promise carries: Who Chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. This third dull lead, with warning all as blunt: Who Chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath. The suiters are The Prince of Morocco, a self absorbed sponge, The Prince of Arrogon, an arrogant and he doesnt show his true face, and finally Bassanio, a kind individual who is in debt to his friend. First we start with the Prince of Morocco, some say his name fits well with moron. He did chose the right casket for him, but he didnt chose the one that held the fair counterfeit of lady Portia. This man chose the golden casket because it is gaudy, and shows wealth in its appearance. The reason for this is because he was raised with wealth always around him, he is royalty, so everything was always given to him, and he never did anything wrong because his royalty had always covered up for it. He read the inscription on the golden casket which inscribes Who Chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. Of course his mind is set when he sees the others because he makes them look less than what they are, and gold is always higher in value, he even says A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross. (Saying his mind will never stoop lower than gold). Ill then or give nor hazard aught for lead ( He will never chose something with such low wealth as lead ). What says the silver with her virgin hue? Who Chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves : Pause there Morocco, and weigh thy value with an even hand ( so he looks at silver and gold and chooses gold because it has a rich outlook). Sadly enough Morocco chose wrong, but Portia was much pleased to see him go. I believe Morocco was right, because he talks about his golden mind and that is what he is use to always seeing the rich because he hasnt seen the hazard that life gives because riches have been able to let him avoid some of them not being in the real world and striving to get money and a decent home. Now we have the prince of Aragon claimed to have Arrogant rhyme with his name. He sees himself as a different person, he says I will not jump with common spirits ( in reality he was like the other suiter Morocco ( raised rich, and in royalty). But he is different in one way, he isnt attracted to what the gold casket inscribes because he doesnt want to be a common person and chose gold because of its appearances. So he chose right in choosing silver. But he didnt choose the casket that had Portias picture in it. This is his decision as follows, I will not choose what many men desire, because I will not jump with common spirits and rank me with the barbarous multitudes. Why then, to the, thou silver treasure house. So he ignored the base lead casket because it was mere lead, it has no value, and he ignored the gold because thats what a common man would chose. So by knocking both of those out of the competition he chose the silver, because he thinks he deserves more, and he doesnt desir e like a regular man, and he will not have hazard because he is a King. This man chose right to, because just as Morocco he was raised in riches, but what Morocco didnt have that Aragon did have was a different teaching in life, telling him he isnt like a normal man, he rises above all of them because he

Management of Personal financial services. China case study Essay

Management of Personal financial services. China case study - Essay Example Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in financial services has become utmost important because of the present challenging marketing environment. Presently, the company differentiate themselves by delivering exquisite customer experience and offer product, which are unique, tailor-made for delivering customer satisfaction. By delivering highly innovative financial products for core banking, insurance and wealth management, the company would be able to develop meaningful relationship with its customers. Often termed as relationship marketing in China, it is also focuses on customer retention. CRM also helps in laying emphasis on the product features, which highlights the product benefits that are meaningful and necessary for the customers. The Chinese investment banking companies rely on the strength of the financial services that help the banks to make tailor-made financial products for customized customer requirements. Although, CRM is relatively a new concept, it entails the diffe rent marketing approaches involved in obtaining the refined customer information search, which helps the management to attract potential customers (Besson, 2000). The CRM activities in the financial institutions involve the incorporation of electronic business activities, relationship and customer management activities, and integration of customer centric strategy with the back office or front office executives (Carson, 2005). The main crux of CRM activities involves building of long term and healthy relationships to retain customers in the competitive financial environment. 1.2.1 Customer Relationship Management in Chinese Financial Institutions The long term relationship building process with the Chinese customers has not only become an enduring strategy for relationship building, but it has also augmented for customer loyalty and retention. It was observed in Chinese banking that due to the financial implications there was a strong correlation between customer loyalty and profitability of the bank. The deregulation and emergence of new banking technology in the financial services industry have also

The Goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle Essay

The Goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle - Essay Example At present, English could well be called as a multi-ethnic, multi-national and, multi-cultural language. It is still the connecting thread of the shrinking world, which is a product of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs). English language teaching too has become a complex and controversial issue as the influence of English continues to grow. In this essay I am going to provide evidence that the goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle should not be the Native-Like use of language. Since we are living with not only 'English' but indigenized varieties of 'Englishes' in today's world, this, in my view, is better understood with greater grasp of the concepts of World Englishes (WEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). Later on, the paper will probe more to the conceptual similarities and differences of WEs and ELF and the very common controversies around these phenomena. Further, I would look more closely into the implications of WEs/ELF on Teachers of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL). This would be a segment where this essay deals with the association, inclusion and involvement of them both in today's ELT. Then, the paper will also deal with the (in)appropriateness of native Standard English in expanding and outer circles with arguments for and against the native norms. At the same time, the need to incorpo rate World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca in testing would be discussed. Finally, the paper will hold a critical view of the native versus non-native teachers of English.The traditional view had that the correct form of English was the language used by educated British or American natives the so called Native Speakers (NS). Thus, indicating that the learners of the English language, who are, in fact, Non-Native Speakers (NNS) must follow the norms of the NS. So, one began consider NS to be the best teachers of the language, as they were the best models of the language using and they had reliable linguistic knowledge. As a result, Parents were willing to pay huge amount for their children to be taught English by native teachers, while schools considered it as abetter investment to employ native English teachers than the local English teachers.However, now the scenario has widely changed, though Rinvolucri (2008) believe we should continue to use the current 'standard native ' model in language teaching and learning, others, for example Barbra Seidlhofer (2004) and Jennifer Jenkins (2005) believe we must take stock of what is happening to English and its users, recognise the change and begin to describe and codify a new model such as a lingua Franca (ELF), which reflects how English is used by the majority of users in the world. The Concept of World Englishes (WEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) The history of world Englishes is backed to the end of the region of Queen Elizabeth I in sixteen century when English language was spoken by 'a relatively small group of mother-tongue speakers born and bred within the shore of British Isle' Jenkins (2003: 2) but nowadays it is spoken in almost all over the world. According to Jenkins (2003), the global spread of English has been viewed as two Diaspora.

Hindu Influences in America Essay Example for Free

Hindu Influences in America Essay Discuss some Hindu influences in America. Hinduism has had an influence in America since being introduced by Swami Vivekananda in 1893, at the Worlds Parliament of Religions. Religion is a complex component of our lives and it encompasses much more than our own particular traditions or personal experiences. Hinduism has had a reflection on interests around vegetarian concentration, yoga meditation, reincarnation and alternative medical treatments that have become popular in the United States. Hinduism has also introduced words, such as yoga, mantra, and chakra, to name a few, that have been incorporated into the American language as quasi-religious practices. As Hinduism grows in populations so does the interests in what the religion has to offer. Yoga is used as a relaxation exercise to unite oneself with God or ones true self. Yoga practices have become so popular and widespread that newer populations may mistake them as being entirely American tradition. Mantra is a means of chanting or meditating and consists of a set of sacred words or syllables used to unite one with the deity they represent. These are some of the benefits Americans feel provide them with a newfound faith. Hindus of Indian descent in America have created a balance between their religion and Indian cultural religion with the pressures to Westernize. Temples have been built in American in the styles of northern or southern India and dedicated by Hindu priests from India. These temples create a place to worship. There is always the threat that modern American traditions, such as eating meat, racial intermarriage, and considerable mobility in society may interfere. The temples welcome the serious seeker of non-Indian descent which speaks well for Hindu hospitality. The population of Hindus is continually growing in America. It is believed that Hinduism isnt just a faith but is related to the union of reason and intuition. As most Americans we find new things intriguing by feeling they may bring us closer to oneself or to God. In my opinion it is likely that this belief will continue to entice Americans in the years to come.

External and Internal Forces in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay

External and Internal Forces in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, the eventual goal of Jane Eyre’s journeys and struggles as a character is for Jane to be strong enough within herself to stand on her own. It is not until she finds this internal strength that she can live as a content individual and weather the distracting demands put on her by the external forces that surround her. Throughout most of the novel, Jane makes the mistake of looking for this internal peace through external forces like Mrs. Reed, Mr. Rochester and St. John. To convey this tendency, Charlotte Brontà « constructs her narrative so that, rather than looking within herself to find internal solace, Jane turns away from cold, alien internal imagery, and looks instead to fickle external imagery that is at times a friend, and at times a foe. The internal imagery is reflective of Jane’s own internal state, and the external imagery is reflective of the state of the external forces that surround her; until Jane realizes t hat she cannot find solace in the ever-changing external forces around her, and must instead look inside herself for this solace, the internal imagery must remain cold and alien, and the external imagery must remain unpredictable in its ability to comfort. For the purposes of this paper, the external world is defined as any force, whether this force is human or of the natural world, that is outside of Jane Eyre, and thus threatens to distract Jane from her essential journey as a character. The internal self is within Jane, and must be strong in order for Jane to stand on her own and able to withstand the external forces of the narrative. From the very first scenes of the novel, Jane looks to the external wor... ...the wood symbolizes and find their way home, toward the internal happiness that â€Å"home† represents. The novel Jane Eyre details one woman’s journey to find a place for herself in a world that does not want her. In order to do this, she must find internal strength and solace. For a large portion of the novel, she seeks and fails to find this through external forces. For every two steps forward, she takes one step back because of external forces that draw her away from this internal self. However, Jane does manage to progress and eventually find internal happiness. Her journey and her turn to the external, battle with the internal, and eventual acceptance of her internal self in spite of external forces is embodied in the external and internal imagery that Bronte uses throughout the course of the novel. Such imagery is inherently necessary to Jane’s evolution.

Health Provider and Faith Diversity

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Delia Stoica Grand Canyon University: HLT-310V February 4, 2012 Abstract The following paper describes three different religions: Judaism, Islam and Hinduism. It will detail the spiritual perspective on healing that all three of the faiths have. A description of what is important to their healing and what is important for the healthcare provider to know in caring for people of these faiths. Also there will be a summary of how these faiths differ from Christianity. Introduction The United States is known as a â€Å"melting pot†.This is due to all the different nationalities and faiths that are seen in our country. As healthcare providers we are faced with trying to understand all the different cultures we encounter on a daily basis in a hospital setting. There are many different faiths, some are well known such as Christianity and some are not quite so known such as Hinduism. Different faiths have different rules and regulations that they follow. Knowing all the intricate ins and outs of every religion is going to be impossible, but that should not stop someone from trying to learn all they can regarding the patients they are caring for.Everyone has probably heard of Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, but that does not mean that a nurse or physician would know all the things that would be different in regards to caring for patients of these different faiths. Hinduism Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. There are six major philosophies in the Hindu religion. One of the major one is Vedanta. Vedanta teaches that â€Å" that man's real nature is divine, and that the aim of human life is to realize divinity through selfless work, devotion to God, control of the inner forces, and discrimination between the real and the unreal.It recognizes that Truth is one and accepts all religions, properly understood, as valid means of realizing the truth (Guidelines, 2002)†. Hindus believe that the body is just a vehicle for the soul, and that when the body dies the soul transfers to another body until it can finally get to be united with God. They recognize that death is a natural part of life and the true self does not die when the body dies. There are a lot of things that the religion accepts which are part of the Western medical practices.Seeking medical attention is something that Hindus will do, but they believe that Western medicines tends to overmedicate their patients, especially with antibiotics which could make them hesitant to start an aggressive treatment plan. Some people of this religion may practice Ayurvedo or homeopathy to cure some problems. This religion allows for blood transfusions and organ transplantation/donations. There is no rule against performing an autopsy if needed. Because this religion practices modesty, women may prefer to be examined by a physician of the same sex.Hindus are very social and family oriented. It is impo rtant that the family be involved in the treatment and care of the patient. Women of the Hindu religion wear a red dot on their forehead to symbolize that they are married, some also wear necklaces, bracelets or toe-rings, which are not to be taken off, this is something that needs to be considered if there is a need for a procedure such as an MRI that requires all metals to be removed. Men of this faith wear a â€Å"sacred thread† which is never supposed to be removed.Many Hindus are strict vegetarians and will not eat beef or beef products, if at all possible they should be allowed to bring food from home unless there is a dietary restriction. In situations where there is an end-of-life issue, family needs to be very involved. Hindus do not believe in artificially prolonging life and may prefer to die at home. Because Hindus practice cremation and it needs to be done within 24 hours of death it is critical that all the paperwork is in order quickly. Judaism Judaism is one o f the oldest religions still around today.There are Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jewish followers. Orthodox Jews strictly follow all traditional laws of the religion. The faith holds medical practitioners in high regards and even may break some rules if medical experts believe that it may be life saving. Most Jewish people observe the Sabbath, which is from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday, in which they are not allowed to work. In this regard a Jewish patient would not be able to write, use the button for a PCA pump, drive or even turn on a light switch. As healthcare ractitioners we need to keep that in mind when caring for patients during this time. The food they eat is â€Å"kosher† foods, which means that there are special ways of preparing beef. Pork, fish and gelatin are not allowed and neither is beef and milk together. Care needs to be taken with preparation of these foods for these patients, as healthcare providers we need to keep in mind that this is not just an issue of them being picky but an extremely important part of their religion. Men in this religion may wear yarmulkes â€Å"skull caps† during prayer and some may wear it all the time (Handbook, 2000).We need to make allowances for up to 10 people in the room during prayer. When dealing with end-of-life issues there are deep debates regarding withholding or withdrawing of life-saving therapy and families may want to consult a rabbi before making any decisions. The Jewish faith requires that burials happen quickly after death and autopsies at not permitted unless required by law. There is a requirement that a family member or representative of the family remain with the body at all times after death until burial, and also that amputated limbs be available for burial.Islam The Islamic religion is slowly becoming one of the largest religions out there. People who follow the Islamic religion are known as Muslims. Islam believes are â€Å" that all events, including health even ts, are the will of God, Muslim patients may be more likely to display acceptance of difficult circumstances and be compliant with the instructions of health care providers (Healthcare Providers, 2010)†. It is believed that the preservation of life overrides all guidelines, rules and restrictions.This faith requires extreme modesty and for men all body parts between the naval and knees need to be covered, for woman all but the face, hands and feet should be covered at all times when in the presence of anyone outside their family. Muslims are required to pray five times a day on a prayer mat facing Mecca. Patients that are ill can be excused from prayer if it is medically deemed that it is detrimental to their health. Patients are required by their faith to perform ablution with water before prayers and after urination and defecation. Islamic rule is that you use your left hand for dirty and right hand for clean duties.Muslims will prefer to use their right hand to eat and as a healthcare provider if you are feeding a Muslim patient it is preferred that you also use your right hand. Islam has a very strict rule regarding consumption of certain foods. Foods that are not permitted include pork, or pork derivatives and alcohol or alcohol containing foods. This could be a problem when giving certain medication that contains pork or alcohol. Providers should be aware of the medication given to a patient that is Muslim in order for them to follow the halal diet.Islam sees death as a natural part of life. They do not require treatment to be provided if it will only prolong a terminal illness. During end-of-life care, families may want to pray with the patient at bedside. This religion forbids autopsies, unless required by law. In the Islamic faith, burial needs to happen as soon as possible after death. The body should be washed by a family member or representative of the family and not by hospital staff, the body also needs to be covered by a sheet and face Mec ca if at all possible. Comparing and ContrastingThe previous religions discussed all have certain rules that need to be followed when it comes to dealing with healthcare. Christianity in general does not put any restrictions on healthcare providers. Certain Christian faiths such as Jehovah’s Witnesses do not allow blood transfusions because they feel it is not part of their body. The three religions discussed feel that anything that can be done to safe the person should be done and that life is important. Interestingly enough Hinduism, Judaism and Islamic faiths all have restrictions on food that they deem unclean.The only Christian faiths that have restrictions on food are Catholics and Orthodox Christians, which do not eat meat during Passover. There are many differences between Christianity and other faiths and not too many similarities when it comes to healthcare. Conclusion In doing the research for this paper, there have been a lot of good points brought up in regards t o taking care of patients that are of a different faith than myself. It is extremely important to me as a person and as a nurse to know who my patients are and what their beliefs and faiths are.In order to be able to take care of a patient, physically and emotionally we need to know the restrictions that we may face in our everyday dealings with them. Working in a hospital that sees an enormous amount of people from all over the world it is important to keep religion and culture in mind when providing care. Being able to do research and finding all the rules and requirements is a great educational tool to use and will make your patients more apt to trust you if they see that you understand where they are coming from. References Bennion, R. (2000). Handbook on cultural, spiritual and religious beliefs.South Devon Healthcare. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from www. e-radiography. net/nickspdf/Handbook%20on%20beliefs. pdf Guidelines for health care providers interacting with patients of t he Hindu religion and their families. (2002). Metropolitan Chicago Healthcare Council. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from info. kyha. com/documents/CG-Hindu. pdf Healthcare providers handbook on Muslim patients. (2010). Queensland Health and Islamic Council of Queensland. Retrieved February 3, 2012 from http://www. health. qld. gov. au/multicultural/health_workers/hbook-muslim.

Example Linguistics Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2105 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Linguistics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Sociolinguistics of British Sign Language: Toward One Languageor a Variety of Languages? What is the future of British Sign Language? With thegrowing number of changes in the language, dialect and idiolect, is it headedtoward a single standardised version? Or will it end up as a collection ofsub-languages collectively known as British Sign Language? In Margaret Deuchars landmark book on British SignLanguage, Michael Stubbs wrote in 1984 that BSL provides a striking example ofa topic about which clear and straightforward information is badly needed byeducators and policy-makers, since there is widespread ignorance and confusionabout what deaf signing is (1984, ix). This remains true today, over twodecades later. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Linguistics Essay" essay for you Create order Recognition of BSL British Sign Language was formally recognized as alanguage in the UK on March 18, 1993. However, it does not have any legalprotection. This basically means that deaf people do not share the same rightsas hearing people when it comes to access to information regarding education,health and employment. As a language, BSL has much in common with otherlanguages. Still, there is much about BSL that is unique, since it also has manyinnate differences from spoken languages. BSL is the primary language of the deafcommunity in Britain, a community that lives and thrives in a larger society ofhearing people, many of whom remain largely unaware of many of the issues in deafculture BSL variation According to Ronald Wardhaugh, a recognition ofvariation implies that we must recognize that a language is not just some kindof abstract object of study (Wardhaugh 1998, 5). BSL is no different from anyother language in this aspect. There will always be a wide degree of variationin the speech of one individual when compared with the speech of anotherindividual. In addition, there will be variations within that variation. AsWardhaugh points out, no individual can act freely and do just exactly what heor she pleases so far as language is concerned (Wardhaugh1998, 6). Otherwise,the result will be mass confusion, perhaps even gibberish. This is as true of BSLand its many variations as it is of spoken languages. Citing Chomsky, Wardhaugh also points out that languageis essentially a set of items (Wardhaugh1998, 10). Whether these items arespoken or signed will necessarily affect the methodology of research, but willnot change the basic fact that language is the key to how societies a restructured and how people manage to live together. There are a number of factors to explain why British SignLanguage is so rapidly changing and growing. According to Deuchar, just as wefind variation in English, we also find it in BSL, at the same kinds of levelsof the language, and linked to the same kind of social factors (Deuchar 1984, 130).This was reiterated again more recently by Rachel Sutton-Spence and Bencie Woll.They asserted in 2000 that just as there are variations according to region,social group membership and the social situation, so there are regional, socialand situational differences in BSL (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000, 23). Thereare a number of societal structures responsible for the variations in BSL. Someof these are directly related to education of the deaf. According to Deuchar,the deaf in Britain are unlike the deaf in some other cultural minoritiesbecause they have not lived in isolation. On the contrary, they have lived inmany different parts of the country. Therefore, the places where they wouldcome together as a meeting point would be institutions for deaf individuals. Thesewould be for the most part educational institutions, particularly those thatare specifically structured for members of the deaf community. Other explanations for variations in BSL center around language userscharacteristics. According to Deuchar, these include such qualities as range of competence age of speaker response to setting (formal/informal) level of social skills. Range ofcompetence may vary from user to user, depending on individual ability as wellas level of depth of exposure to BSL. Response to setting may also be a highlyindividual characteristic; different individuals, including members of thehearing population as well as those in the deaf community, respond with varyinglevels of comfort to different settings. While some individuals movecomfortably between formal and informal settings, others will feel moreuncomfortable in less familiar surroundings (Deuchar 1984; Sutton-Spence Woll 2000). Anotherfactor that accounts for much of the variation in BSL is geographical distance.This can be the cause of both differences and similarities in vocabulary. Onetelling example of this is an experiment Deuchar did regarding variation innumber systems. The investigation was conducted in 1981 among deaf adults inLancaster. She found that a certain variant of the number SIX (right index onleft fist) was only used by people over the age of forty who had attended aschool for the deaf in NW England. In this case she concluded that both thesocial factors of age and schools seem to be significant (Deuchar 1984, 131). Additionalexamples of users characteristics that are responsible for variation areoffered by Brennan et al. Some pairs of BSL signs have identical manualcomponents, and the only way to tell them apart is through non-manualactivity such as the facial gestures that accompany the manual components. Forexam ple, the signs ENOUGH and FED UP are distinguished only by facialgesture. Another example is that of the signs SMART and CANT BE BOTHERED,which make use of exactly the same action of the hands, but in the latter casea distinctive mouth pattern is used (Brennan et al., 1984, 2). Sociolinguistics in the BSL/language continuum Thesociolinguistics of a language is the study of linguistic and sociologicalvalues. It can also be described as the study of how that language functionswithin society and how it is affected. The sociolinguistics of Sign Languagesis not unlike the sociolinguistics of any other languages. The same issues thataffect other languages affect Sign Languages, although the issues may beexpressed differently. Thefact that BSL is now officially accepted as a language is an important part ofthe history of BSL. It is partially responsible for changing the way BSL isperceived by the larger community. Other sociological and historical changeshave occurred over time. Many of these are due to education. As Sutton-Spenceand Woll point out: BSL changed when schools started using it nearly 200 yearsago, and again when it was banned in schools. Another factor that has affectedthe socio-historical change in BSL is technology, particularly television (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 35). Status in BSL: Political Correctness Asnoted earlier, British Sign Language (and Sign Language in general) is like anyother language in many aspects. This includes political correctness. Politicalcorrectness has caught up with sign language for deaf people. Gestures used todepict ethnic and religious minorities and homosexuals are being droppedbecause they are now deemed offensive (Mickelburgh 2004). This is true of AmericanSign Language as well: Traditional sign language words and letters for the useof the deaf in America are being changed to be made more culturallyappropriate (Davis 2000). However,it is true that many signs are still in use that may be considered as racist.One explanation for this is that deaf communities often feel that hearingprofessionals try to impose their own values on deaf culture, which isconsidered offensive and intrusive by many members of the deaf community. Thisis not concerned with the dangers of offending someone by mistake, but withsigns that are considered unacceptable because of deaf politics and deaf pride'(Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 249). Sociallyunacceptable language in BSL is similar to socially unacceptable language ingeneral, and includes taboo signs linked to taboo topics, insults, andexpletives. Other Variations in BSL Othervariations in BSL may be due to ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, andsocial networks. Ethnic Variations In someareas (for example, this is particularly true in the U.S.), there are cleardivisions between some black ASL dialects and some white ASL dialects [largelydue to segregation]. In Britain, however, the variation in BSL between blackand white signers appears to be less marked (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 27).Some explanations for this include the fact there were relatively few blackpeople in Britain until the 1950s. In addition, black deaf children attended mixeddeaf schools, and were therefore less inclined to be divided by racialcategories. Thereis, however, a growing sense of identity among black deaf adults in Britain.This has lead many researchers to conclude that eventually there will be adefinite variation along based on racial divisions, resulting in a distinctive blackdialect of BSL as time goes on (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 28). Incontrast, the British Asian deaf community relatively small. However, genetic deafnessseems to be more common to British Asians, so as t his segment of the deafcommunity grows, its members may develop a dialect of their own as well. Religious Variations Religionalso has an effect on BSL, particularly the Roman Catholic and Protestantreligions. The signing of deaf British Catholics is strongly influenced byIrish Sign Language because Irish monks and nuns have provided education forCatholic deaf children.and Irish-trained priests serve the Catholic deafcommunities in Britain (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 28). In addition,signers tend to have two variants of BSL, and will use them differentlydepending on whether they are communicating with people within their ownreligion, or with those outside of it. Gender/Sexual Variations It hasalso been noted that in some variations of Sign Languages, the differencesbetween genders are markedly different. This has been attributed to the factthat often males and females are educated in separate institutions, and whenthey leave these institutions must learn how to communicate with each other.However, this is not the case with British Sign Language, where the differencesin language between male and female members of the deaf community are reportedto be unimportant (Sutton-Spence 2000, 26). Situational Variations Situational changes have an effect on BSL as they do on all other languages. Changes occurdepending on the number of people the speaker is addressing; for example, whenaddressing a single individual as opposed to addressing an entire group.Changes also occur when the signer is addressing someone who does not have astrong grasp of BSL, either a member of the deaf community who is foreign, oran English-speaker who is not a member of the deaf community. Other situationalchanges also affect BSL, as when the signer is addressing strangers, oraddressing small children (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000, 31). Language Planning: Status Planning and Corpus Planning Accordin gto Peter Trudgill, government involvement in language is often referred to as languageplanning. Sometimes this is a commendable and welcome activity, butnot necessarily. Trudgill further distinguishes between status planning andcorpus planning. Status planning occurs in countries which have to first choosea national language or languages and subsequently are faced with the issue ofdeveloping and/or standardising the language or languages (Trudgill 2000, 131-132). Often, however, the role of a national government goes beyond selecting a nationallanguage. For example, the language, having already been chosen, must bedeveloped and standardised; a suitable orthography must be chosen, or decisionshave to be made over selection of one dialect over another. This may get asspecific as the government being required to assist in vocabulary, grammatical,and phonological development. This type of language planning is much morespecific and involves much more active involvement on t he part of thegovernment, and is referred to as corpus planning (Trudgill 2000,135). It has been noted, however, that the distinction between corpus planningand status planning was first distinguised by H. Kloss in 1969 (Covarrubias1983, 42). Corpusplanning in terms of BSL standardisation is a complex issue. Some researchesassert that this will increase cultural understanding and go some way towardsalleviating racial prejudice and tension (Sutton-Spence Woll 2000).Social inclusion was also emphasised with respect to users of BritishSign Language. Most agree that promotion of BSL will add to the qualityof life for many people. It does remain important that enactment of policies by the government recognizethe ongoing significance of British Sign Language within the signing community.The fact that the deaf have spent many years and much effort fighting theiridentification as disabled is ofprimary importance. It is essential that the government continue to treat BSLlike any other minority language within the EU. Democratic institutions should seethat mechanisms are put into place that recognize the merit of different voicesand perspectives. This is the only way members of the deaf community will beable to effectively organize and increase their empowerment within society atlarge. Other Issues in Standardisation Accordingto Sutton-Spence and Woll, it is very clear that there is not a single,standard form of BSL (2000, 37). The BSL/English Dictionary has onlyrecently been published and contains a limited number of signs, they write. StandardEnglish is used o television and radio and by government organisations. BSL ontelevision is not standard and deaf television presenters use differentregional signs (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000, 38). Although it is believed thata form of standard BSL may eventually emerge, they assert that because thesocial context of BSL varies so widely from that of English, that it isimpossible to predict what form it will eventually take. Furthermore,there is the issue that the signs of BSL can be divided into those of theestablished lexicon, or those of the productive lexicon, although BSL clearlyhas far fewer basic signs fixed in the lexicon (Sutton-Spence and Woll 2000,197).