Compare the ways in which 3 poets write about relationships Essay Example for Free

Compare the modes in which 3 poets write roughly descents attemptIntroductionTo his coy harlot, Remember and Since theres no answer are all verses ab forth relationships, the difference is the interpretation of the poets substance, structure and opposite various aspects of the verse forms.To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Since theres no help by Michael Drayton were both written around the 16th and 17th centuries and explain genuinely different characteristics of rage. Drayton wrote a verse form about the residual of a relationship with a partner expressing that the hump between them is dying. On the other hand Marvell writes, in a poetical way, mortals argument to a lover severe to yield them to have sex with them. This poem captivates your attention with the extremes a cosmos would go to have sex with a young virgin, distant the other poems that are about two partners love for each other. Similarly to Draytons poem, about love in a relationship, Chr istina Rossetti wrote a poem in the deep 19th century to her partner telling him what to remember about their time together.Themes/subjectThe poem To his coy mistress starts with Marvell addressing the young madam, whom he wishes to be his lover that there is no time for her to be coy. Straight away this gives the impression that hes an intimidating and antecedentful man. Had we solely world enough, and time, this coyness, maam, were no crime Marvell tells the lady that cosmos coy is alright when you have time but implies their time is limited and therefore she has no time to be coy, in effect he is pressurising her to do something that she is uncomfortable with.Through the repetition of time in the above sentences you may have guessed that it plays an important role in the poem. Marvell refers to time regularly in the poem as part of his persuasion proficiencys. The way in which he uses time pressurises the woman into doing what he wants. For example Times winged carry hurryi ng set about implies that she sesst live forever so must make the most of the time she has.He uses time again in the concluding lines of the poem as a last persuasion to get his way Thus, though we sternnot make our sun stand still, yet we go out make him run hither Marvell explains to the lady that they cannot make time stand still completely but they can make the most of the time they have. When you feel bored and upset your time seems to go slowly compared to when you are happy and this quote uses this to say that their time go forth be running if they are together due to the good times they will have.Similarly to Marvell, personifying time, Drayton uses the same technique by personifying love Now, if thou wouldst, when all have assumption him over, from demolition to life thou mightst him yet recover Here Drayton has personified love by saying it is dying but may come moxie to life. I feel this is a good method by which the poet can get his message across with ease. In t his case Drayton has personified love as a person on the verge of death. When comparing the two poems it becomes clear that this technique is in addition useful in distinguishing the message from a speech or letter into a poem.ImagesA positive jut in the love poem Remember is where Rossetti writes Better by far you should forget and smile than you should remember and be sad. She is expressing that she would rather be forgotten if that is the way to make her husband run happy as she doesnt want to be remembered if it will make him sad. Rossetti symbolises her love for her husband because she couldnt bare him being sad by remembering her, therefore self-aggrandizing an optimistic image of their relationship.Rossetti also expresses sorrow images Gone far away into the silent land. When you can no more hold me by the hand portrays that when she dies she will go to a silent land where she will be all alone, in comparison to when she is alive she can hold her husbands hand, this remin ding him that when she dies they will be free forever. This is a sad image because it implies that their close bond will be split for eternity. The sadness is emphasised bring forward because their relationship together was obviously dependable love yet now it is near its end.Marvell uses death in his persuasion, Times winged chariot hurrying near A downbeat quote persuading the young lady that if they do not have sex that soon times winged chariot will collect them. He is implying it will be too fresh if they wait as eventually they will get old and die. Marvell personifies time as a chariot and I think his meaning is that a chariot collects people once they die and as they age the chariot gets nearer and so tries to put across this image to the woman.Marvell attempts to persuade the young lady that he will spend an age to admire each part of her and at the very end of the admiration she will love him back. He then says that she deserves no less than this and that he will never give her less than what she deserves. An age at least to every part and the last age should show your amount for lady, you do not deserve this state nor would I love at lower rate this quote is not intimidating, like most of the poem I think he says it so the young lady thinks he is a good man.I dont think Marvell wrote the poem because of his love for her, even though in some parts of the poem he tries to re-assure her that he does love her, instead I think he uses it to take advantage of her naivety quote gives a pleasant image but has malicious intentions. I feel he says this only because writing about love is a good method when trying to lure her into bed and even though this quote may be deceiving she will probably not realise due to her young age.At the end of the poem Marvell tells the young lady that he would rather die than be without her Rather at once our time devour than languish in its slow-chapped power Lines 39-40. This gives an image that he would rather all his t ime go, and would prefer to die than be without her because he would have to suffer in times power as his life would seem to be going slower if he wasnt with her. As this quote is written in the concluding lines of the poem it continues to lead your vox populis to think he uses love as a means of enticing her into doing what he wants and to trick her into believing that hed rather die than be without her.In the poem Since theres no help there are a lot of negative images with few positive ones. This is due to the fact that love is dying out compared to Marvells poem in which the man wants the lady to hope he is in love with her, so if he expresses too many negative images then she would be less likely to believe him, different in that of Rossettis poem in which the relationship is very strong but the circumstances are of the person dying and not the love and by this she portrays how often love she has for him.In the opening lines Drayton tells the lady he wants nothing more to do with her you get no more of me even the invent itself gives you the image that he doesnt want them to be together any farseeinger.He continues to feel bitter and depressed and he reflects his mood in the negative images he gives in the poem. I am glad, yea, glad with all my heart, that thus so cleanly I myself can free Drayton is almost trying to persuade her and himself that he doesnt love her anymore and that he can be free of her, if their relationship ends.I dont think Drayton does want the relationship to end but says this because he feels that he has no choice and doesnt want to give his partner the impression that he would forgive her, whatever she does, otherwise she will take him for granted.StructureMarvell, Drayton and Rossetti all use rhyme distichts in the structure of their poems and this makes the poem easy and interesting to read. If it excluded the rhyming couplets reading the poem would be dull and the poets message would probably be lost in what would sound m ore like a speech.Drayton and Rossetti both wrote traditional love poems, the differences being that Rossetti wrote about the great amount of love between a couple and Drayton wrote about the lack of love in the relationship. Both poems include only 14 lines as opposed to the 46 of Marvells poem, however, all three poems work well. I felt Marvell chose to write a hourlong poem so he could properly express the argument and message it contained whereas I felt Rossetti and Drayton chose the shorter structure would be the most efficient way to explain what they wanted as they may have felt that choosing a longer structured poem to end a relationship or to express someones feelings would make the poem dull and boring.The difference between Rossettis and Draytons traditional love poems is that Rossetti split the poem into two stanzas one with 6 lines and the other with 8 and thus uses the structure of a Petrachan praise whereas Drayton used the Shakespearean Iambic Pentameter which cont ains what would now be 10 syllables per line. Rossetti and Drayton writing a sonnet is evidence that they must love their partner. To write a sonnet to someone puts across the fact that you love them through the structure alone because of it being a traditional love poem.Language / ToneMarvell wrote his poem with persuasive and argumentative language. He tries to pressurise the person it is written for by consistently using death in his argument. At the beginning he says that there is no time to be coy but later says the opposite by saying if you please, hold out till the conversion of the Jews. As Jews are renowned for the pride they have in their religion he may feel there is not much chance of his succeeding with the young lady unless he poses this argument to change her opinion.Marvell tries to allure the young woman into having sex by using shock maneuver Then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity and your quaint honour turn to corpse and into ashes all my lust Notice the language that he uses, as opposed to saying that someone else will take her virginity he gives her the image of her losing it to worms once she dies. This is a horrific image and using this destructive image it is far more effective because of the message behind it. Rather than using kindness to persuade his mistress into having sex he tries to scare her and in using such a forceful word on someone he claims to love further confirms his intimidation of this poor innocent girl.In comparison Rossetti wrote her poem in a more relaxed way but still with an important point to make. This is because she was writing it to someone who she has loved for most her life, however, she still wanted to persuade him not to grieve. Remember is repeated throughout the poem, this is because she wants to be remembered but doesnt want to be mourned. Her message is expressed when she writes Only remember me you understand and and afterwards remember, do not grieve both these quotes undercoat in the second stanza of her poem prove that she doesnt want him to forget her nor grieve.Rossetti, unlike Marvell, didnt write on her own behalf as Rossetti wrote solely for her husband and mentioned herself rarely in the poem, I felt this was sad as she is the one dying but she didnt want to meake her husband feel more upset so she couldnt tell him how she was real feeling. You can tell she loved her partner and that the poem was written with good intentions.Drayton wrote his poem in such a way that it seemed that he was trying to persuade himself that he would be better off ending the relationship as well as telling his partner that their relationship had finished. Draytons intitial message to his partner is that their relationship is worth nothing, however, at the end begins to realise the love he has for her and so tells her the love may come back and as he does this the message at the end is very similar to the message expressed by Rossetti when all have given him over, from death t o life thou mightst him yet recover Drayton, lecture about love personifying, hints that the love may come back to their relationship and may this hand his relationship could be similar to Rossettis loving relationship with her husband.My solution to the poemsMy feelings about each poem differ I feel the poem by Rossetti is sad as you can tell the relationship was strong and the poem was written to give her husband power to go on after her death and remember the good things once shes dead. It is effective as you know they had a good relationship because information such as their planned future together can be taken from the poem no more daytime by day you tell me of the future that you planned. It is also sad because she showed no self pity and so makes you feel sorry for her husband who wouldnt know how his wife felt about her nearing death.My feelings about Marvells poem are completely different. I think this poem is quite threatening and harsh. He tells the young lady in th e poem that she has to make her decision before she is old and ugly as he will no longer love her. I think he is also mean to write a poem in the persuasive language he does because she is young and nave and he uses this to his advantage. The horrific images he portrays further prove that he uses love falsely because if he did love her he wouldnt scare her into having sex against her will. Then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity and your quaint honour turn to dust and into ashes all my lust This illustrates the extremes the speaker is prepared to go to in order to get what he wants, he is trying to give her negative thoughts of what will happen if she rejects him.As mentioned before, the poem was written in the 17th century in an era which girls normally married as virgins and usually at a very young age. Marvell uses this to his advantage by continuing to express, what I think, is false love because by getting her to believe he is in love with her he feels he stands a gr eater chance of her losing her virginity to him.I felt sorry for Drayton after reading his poem because I felt he wrote it after finding out about his partners affair and this would account for his harsh way of ending their relationship and angry tone used when ending it. However, to tell his partner that he can be free without her is surprising, especially when at the end of the poem he says the love may come back.I think Drayton wrote this poem on the back of an affair his partner had been having, Now at the last gasp of loves latest breath, when, his pulse failing, passion speechless lies, when faith is kneeling by his bed of death. The phrase speechless lies could be a reflection of the times she lied to him while having the affair and faith kneeling by deaths bed shows that along with the love, faith had also left the relationship giving further reason to think she had an affair. Aswell as this Drayton lets his partner know that the love in their relationship is dying and has n early gone completely, by saying that it is taking its last gasp of breath.Shortly after, Drayton gives his partner the impression that the love may come back. Now, if thou wouldst, when all have given him over, from death to life thou mightst him yet recover. This quote gave me the feeling that the relationship could come back giving reason to believe that the poem was written as retaliation after finding out about an affair. Understandably he would be distraught and so uses the harsh images mentioned in the early stages of the poem but finally ending by realising the amount of love he has for his partner and so says that they might be able to overcome this and love each other again.The poem I preferredOverall the poem that I most preferred was Draytons poem Since theres no help This is because unlike Marvells poem it isnt as long and is kept to a simple 14 line structure. I feel that this made it easier to understand as opposed to Marvells longer poem. Even though the longer leng th may have added more detail I found this made it far easier to lose interest. Rossettis poem, like Draytons, was short, however, I liked the way Drayton personified love throughout his poem by expressing loves life in his relationship. I disliked the overuse of remember in Rossettis poem, even though it was obviously intentional, I thought it made the poem repetitive with Rossetti continually telling her husband what to remember and remember what not to do.However, I did think that Marvells poem was strong in its specialty and thought it would probably be successful in taking advantage of the young girl, which was the purpose of him writing it. Another reason for my preference of Draytons poem is that it questions the strength of the relationship and whether feelings can be turned off so easily.

Defining Abnormality - Towards a definition Essay Example for Free

Defining Abnormality Towards a definition EssayThe statistical approach is based on the idea that certain behaviours are statistically rare in the population. If you measure any type of human behaviour you should obtain that people with varying degrees of the behaviour are normally distributed somewhat the regard as. For manikin there are a lot of people who are of average aggrandisement but few people who are very small. If we plot a graph of for example IQ scores, It is bell shaped. The majority of respective(prenominal)s are clustered around the mean (the curves highest register). The further you go away from the mean, the fewer people there are. Problems Desirability-some statistically infrequent behaviours, e.g. being a genius are desirable. Cut-off point-who decides at what point you are to be considered abnormal? Statistical Definitions-The Same standards or norms are not relevant to all mixer groups/ ages/cultures for example in terms of anxiety.Children flip mo re irrational fears than adults. Deviation from affable norms Social norms are behaviours that are desirable for both the individual and society as a whole. Deviance from social norms is both undesirable and abnormal. Most mentally Ill people do be set out in a socially deviant way but this doesnt mean that you can base clinical abnormality on this theory alone.Moral standards-social norms change over time and basing mental illness on deviation from social norms is dangerous. Context-for example, wearing few items of clothing on the beach is acceptable, on the high street it is not. Sub Cultures-for example in the Mormon religion it is acceptable to have several wives. In England that is a crime called bigamy Good/Bad-in some certain circumstances being socially deviant is a good thing for example in Nazi Germany people who were opposed to Nazism were socially deviant.Collectivistic cultures-cultures which emphasise the greater good of the community rather than focusing on individu al achievement would not find the first three characteristics relevant. Difficult-most people would have difficulty fitting all these criteria at most times in their lives. ethnical relativism A limitation to all ways of defining abnormality is that no definition is relevant to all cultures. Also cultures definitions change over time. For example homosexuality was considered to be a mental disease till the 80s.

E-recruitment Essay Example for Free

E-recruitment EssayThis is,in my opinion, a development that is inevitable and wil be long lasting, yet appe ard to be baffling to implement. As my interests are in Human Resource management, I fenced my research question by focusing on the implementation of e-recruitment and analyzing why the system did non deliver the coveted placecomes. Literature assumed the relation between a proper implementation and a achievementful technology. Many big organizations use mesh as a source of recruitment. E-recruitment is the use of technology to assist the recruitment process. They advertise job vacancies through worldwide web.The job seekers send their applications or broadcast vitae i. e. CV through e mail using the Internet. Alternatively job seekers place their CVs in worldwide web, which can be force by prospective employees depending upon their requirements. In this project more emphasize is given to the various E-recruitment processes or practices used in Indian people and i t is overly focus that how they differ among the old recruitment processes or practices. Effective E-recruitment is given a more knowledgeable and qualitative people who urinate related to the entire compose and given a best for his qualification.Its hierarchical structure gives preference to good knowledgeable person, and it is a best environment for rending the best talent in the market. So, hither are given some effective processes to go through a good job in the help of e-recruitment. Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge our truthful thanks to our director who gave us an opportunity to prepare a grand project and prove our ability. Our sincere thanks to Prof Harsh Modha, our project pick out who helped us a lot throughout this project and guided us in a right direction and his expertise in this topic also helped us to gain in-depth knowledge.We would like to gratitude our earnest thanks to the professors of MBA Department-NGI. With sincere Regards, Pooja Nimavat D eclaration I am Pooja Nimavat, students of M. B. A Sem. IV hereby declare that the project work presented in this report is our own work and has been carried out under supervision and guidance of Prof Harsh Modha,(Department of Management) Noble Group of Institutions, Junagadh Gujarat Technological University. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for any other Examination. Date 28-5-2011 Place Pooja Nimavat.Executive Summary Recruitment is significant for organizations since it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource into the organization. It has a strategic aim as it focuses on the need to attract high quality people in order to gain a competitive advantage. A new development in this domain is the use of the internet to attract potential employees to an organization, and is referred to as e-recruitment. Yet, in previous research it appeared that unless 25% of the organizations indicated achieving strong success with e-recru itment (Chapman amp Webster, 2003).In addition, e-recruitment success seems to be established by its process and procedure. Simultaneously, the consultancy is one of these organizations that report achieving only limited success with their e recruitment technology. Although it is known that e-recruitment success can be established by a successful e-recruitment implementation, further results regarding e-recruitment procedure are unknown. However, it is necessary to look where of e-recruitment system comprises, because e-recruitment process is a matter of today. Therefore, the research goal is to good talented andqualitative people are find out and give a good job opportunity and end the search of job. In comparison to other research, e-recruitment is, in this research, approached from the corporate perspective instead of the applicant view or interest. Based on a literature study, a theoretical framework is constructed to approach e-recruitment process. E-recruitment procedure cons ists of two groups of enablers, which are defined as e-recruitment system speciality and e-recruitment management strength. The outcomes of e-recruitment are included as well, and referred to as success indicators.Based on this, three sub-questions are formulated What are the characteristics of e-recruitment system strengths? What are the characteristics of e-recruitment types? What are the characteristics of e-recruitment success process? Based on document analysis and some recruitment process, these sub-questions are explored. It becomes clear that gains less success with their e-recruitment technology than expected. This cannot be grounded on factual data because of the missing tool, management reports. The technology turns out to contribute neither to time nor cost savings, and is perceived by users to be unfriendly.In addition, users pointed out that they find it even worse that the technology is applicant unfriendly. As these success indicators pointed out to be less positive , the technology seemed to be used in an appropriated manner. go to the assumption made in the beginning, there might be implied that the process was less-than successful, since a successful implementation should result in a system that delivers the desired outcomes.It reviews the list of objectives of the company and tries to achieve them by promoting the company in the minds of public. 2. It forecasts how many people will be required in the company. 3. It enables the company to advertise itself and attract talented people. 4. It provides different opportunities to procure human resource. Methods of Recruitment Recruitment is a process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs. Companies can adopt different manners of recruitment for selecting people in the company. These methods are 1. internecine sources 2. External sourcesThe sources can be further explained with the help of following diagram inherent Sources of Recruitment Internal sourc es of recruitment refer to obtaining people for job from inside the company. There are different methods of internal recruitment 1. Promotion Companies can give promotion to alive employees. This method of recruitment saves a lot of time, money and efforts because the company does not have to train the existing employee. Since the employee has already worked with the company. He is familiar with the working subtlety and working style. It is a method of encouraging efficient workers. 2.Departmental examination This method is used by government departments to select employees for higher level posts. The advertizement is put up on the notice board of the department. People who are interested must send their application to the HR department and appear for the exam. successful candidates are given the higher level job. The method ensures proper selection and impartiality. 3. Transfer Many companies adopt transfer as a method of recruitment. The thinking is to select talented personn el from other branches of the company and transfer them to branches where there is shortage of people. 4. RetirementMany companies call back personnel who have already retired from the organization. This is a temporary measure. The method is beneficial because it gives a sense of pride to the retired when he is called back and helps the organization to reduce recruitment selection and training cost. 5. Internal advertisement In this method vacancies in a particular branch are advertised in the notice board. People who are interested are asked to apply for the job. The method helps in obtaining people who are ready to shift to another branch of the same company and it is also beneficial to people who sine qua non to shift to another branch.Employee recommendation In this method employees are asked to recommend people for jobs. Since the employee is aware of the working conditions inside the company he will call forth people who can adjust to the situation. The company is benefited because it will obtain. Advantages of Internal Recruitment 1. Internal methods are time saving. 2. No separate induction program is required. 3. The method increases loyalty and reduces labour turnover. 4. This method is less expensive. Disadvantages of Internal Recruitment 1. There is no opportunity to get new talent in this method.

History of the European Identity

History of the europiuman IdentityIntroductionAlthough the judgment of collective personal identicalness is a post-colonial phenomenon, a few earths would describe themselves below a collective individualism before the modern ages of the 19th Century. In fact, europium is historic aloney unique in terms that it has been the people sustentation in the classic of Europe who present persistently described themselves as Europeans since the 17th Century (Pagden, 2002). Indeed, European mating emerged as the most strategic tone-beginning for creating a supra field entity in the Continent and the beat out example of a Pan-European ordinary individuation as counterbalance the words Europe and the European summation are being used as synonyms by millions of people every day. Nevertheless, an uncertainty of a familiar identity has always been the case for Europeans end-to-end report and the physical as fountainhead as social borders of Europe has never been distinctly kn own for centuries which are full of wars, tensions, competition and blood.Today, the same problem continues to run into and many believe that it is the major factor blocking the efforts for achieving a fully integrated Europe, as the description and frontiers of a popular European identity is lock up unknown. Indeed, one of the most important departures of the European integration from a socio- governmental perspective is the vague concept of a universal European identity including prospects of European meat Citizenship. Although a leafy vegetable European identity had been yen around for centuries, these are fairly saucily issues in relevance to the half a century long history of todays European gist. However, I believe how the common European identity is defined is very important for the future steps of the integration cognitive operation, as straight off the EU is under(a)going transformation towards a political union with an aim to become a global actor in the int er terra firmaal political arena. What shall be the elements of a common European identity, how shall it be formulized if it is to become a successful construct which would define Europe correctly to end the efforts that lasted for such(prenominal) a long conviction?I believe a triumphant common European identity must include the concrete and symbolic realities and it must be rooted to the transmutation of cultivations which had been created by the long history of Europe (DAppollonia, 2002). early(a)wise, if it remains as a form of thin identity suggested by Habermas (2006), the problems and uncertainties of European identity as well as the poorly functioning European Union citizenship is most likely to exist in the Unions foreseeable future. In fact, a common European identity nominate only be successfully constructed by taking into account all the ambiguities, contradictions and developments in form of a unity in diversity belief which can be applied to the reality of Europe rather than building a shallow and artificial construct as it seems to be today. Theoretically, a unite Europe in political terms is make possible if a united Europe in ethnic terms is established through formulating a collective common identity which may only be conceived as a collection of multiple and complex values created by complicated dynamics of Europes long history. Nevertheless, a united Europe in cultural terms shall not mean a homogenous and austerely ordered European purchase order rather the European identity shall celebrate Europes long tradition of diversity.An other important question is how should European Union citizenship be defined and what should be the frontiers of cultural implications of such a political formulation. Considering the wide cultural diversity and long history that the individual members of the European Union had share in the European continent, a collective identity may prove to be far too complex to construct, so one may argue that a comm on European identity is smooth an illusion. Although Europeans gather in a successfully formed a common economic and increasingly political union, they are still far outside(a) from the desired level of cultural unity and a common identity which seems to be an alarming factor for the next presents of the European integration. Nonetheless, European Union citizenship is an force field open to developments and it might be used as a critically important tool by the European Union leaders to accumulate a common European identity, only if it is formulized correctly. The critical come out on the debate of European Union citizenship is that the dominant Classical Model of Citizenship is based on the structures of nation- republic and that is why this model cannot be applied to the European Union, as it is a whole disparate level of organization. On the other hand, Post-National citizenship is a modern approach to the issue of European identity and it is suitable to Europe in order to reach its goals of unification and deepening through building a stronger common identity in the 21st Century.This paper is organized in several sections. European identity from a historical perspective is analyzed in the first part the electric current status of European identity and the issue of national identities in contrast to the common European identity is discussed in the following part a bleak European identity and suggestions for a new formulation is given in the third part a brief history of European Union efforts and further on building a common identity is examined in the fourth part and finally the aspects of European Union Citizenship is discussed in the fifth part of this paper. aft(prenominal) all, this paper argues that a common identity in form of a collective European identity is clearly necessary for the Union at this stage of integration, and it is a all important(p) element for the future of the European integration project especially as our mankind is g etting smaller as well as more fragmented simultaneously due to the complex dynamics of international relations every day at the age of globalization. European Citizenship is very very much connected to the issue of European identity and it is the pick out to achieving such a strong common European identity when it is formulized as a Post-National phenomenon. The Europeans must realize their power from the diversity of their cultures by building a thick identity for Europe rather than a thin identity which consists of merely political rights save the Europeans shall not overlook the uniqueness of the Continent and the similarities they share in comparison to the rest of the human beings emphasized by the Unity in Diversity principle. Today, it is time for the Europeans to unite under one roof in socio-political terms, complete the long standing task of defining the boundaries of the European civilization by establishing a common and collective European identity in order to pu t out on the upgrade of the European integration project in a globalized world. Nonetheless, the question of possibilities of the Europeans to give such a high level of cultural as well as political unity remains a question and it is subject to a whole different level of research. However, often seen as a regional product of globalization it egotism, I believe the European integration project cannot progress any further without achieving a common European identity which is more critical than ever today in order to overcome the challenges of globalization in the 21st Century.Identity has always been a problematic concept because it is uncertain, fluid and highly flexible. Identity is the way to define ones self and to differentiate from the others. If taken literally, identity means equal, identical. Identity is not static but dynamic, and it can be defined in different ways in different circumstances. Identity is construct, which cannot be constructed immediately but only in time. It is not a fixed, constant and pre-given entity while identity formation is heavily dependent on how one is sensed by the others. Identification implies belonging or membership, in turn which implies the exclusion of non-members (Bretherton Vogler,1999 236).In other words, the sole purpose of identity is to separate self from the others in a sense. Moreover, identities are multiple in nature, or even kaleidoscopic. A person may have a single identity, but it will be made up of many levels of loyalty and acknowledgement (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995 18). Meanwhile, identities change, because they are based on perceptions, which themselves change over time and environment as it is possible to identify ones self with more than one thing at a time such as class and gender, or religion and age. at that placefore there are mingled elements of ones identity and these various elements in an identity may well be contradictory (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995 12).On the othe r hand, a collective identity means the attitudes, which all members of that radical have in common in their thoughts and behavior which differentiates them from the other (Munch, 2001 137). Collective identities can provide existential meaning for people, thus they are master(a) means of unity in a hunting lodge which give additional stability especially during periods of upheaval. Collective identities can generate a degree of exertion surrounded by individuals and their social environment, and can confer social recognition and approval (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995 24). at that placefore, collective identities are defined mainly by culture from a historical point of view rather than biological genes, ethnicity, patriotism or simple political rights. Finally, It they are used to construct community and feelings of cohesion and holism, a concept to give the impression that all individuals are equal in the imagined community (Strath, 2002 387). From the perspective of political science there are two types of political identities a civic identity and a cultural identity. The cultural definition of political identity entails a sense of belonging of an individual towards a particular group which can mostly defined by its uniform cultural or ethnic values. On the other hand, the civic definition of political identity involves with the identification of an individual mostly in form of citizenry with a political structure, which includes political institutions, rights, duties and rules (Bruter, 2004 26). Therefore, a cultural European identity implies a reference to Europe as a continent, a civilization and a cultural entity whereas a civic European identity implies a reference to the political and institutional aspects of European Union identity largely in the form of EU citizenship.Europe has always been more of a mental construct than a geographical or social entity (Lowenthal, 2000 314). Europe has no indwelling frontiers both in geographic and so ciological terms. Therefore it had never been easy to acquire a singular definition of European identity because the borders of Europe had always been dynamic, and no one knew where Europe started and Europe ended (Pagden, 2002). A European identity is an abstraction and a fable without essential proportions (Strath, 2002 387). The concept of a European identity is an idea expressing artificial notions of unity rather than an identity of equality. In this sense, the concept of European identity is carve in a long history of political reflection on the concept of Europe. From the perspective of history, Europe has been united as a singular entity in various pittings for a occur of times in its past such as the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Napoleonic Empire, and arguably the Nazi tierce Reich. Identity was only conceptualized as a macro-level collective phenomenon by the intellectual elites of Europe on the other hand, for the rural masses of Europe, identity was a loc al anesthetic term associated with the micro-level, rarely the nation and never an incident as large as the continent of Europe (Pagden, 2002). In different period of history, a common European identity had been defined on different basis. In the Middle Ages, Christianity was the main defining characteristic of European identity, whereas in modern times, the emergence of the nation state, periods of patriotism and afterwards democracy and secularism has been the common characteristic of the Europeans. Meanwhile, Christianity lost its dominance yet it arguably remained as one of the important components of European identity.Today, the European Union similar to the continent of Europe can be characterized by overlapping and unclear boundaries. From a geographical perspective, the EU has fuzzy boundaries due to the ongoing amplification motiones since the 1970s (Risse, 2003 490). Although the geographical borders of Europe are not objectively defined particularly in the east, a state without a geographical relevance to the European continent cannot become a part of the European Union, even if it shares the EUs collective values and norms. Moreover what adds to the uncertainty of Europes borders is that boundaries of the EU may change according to different policy fields such as the Schengen includes the non EU member Norway but at the same time it does not include the EU member state the United Kingdom. Therefore, first of all the lack of solid geographical boundaries weakens efforts of the EU to be seen as a singular entity by its own people (Castano, 2004). On the contrary, diversity shall be the main characteristic of European identity from a cultural point of view. Religious and cultural heritages including Roman law, political democracy, parliamentary institutions, spiritual rebirth humanism, rationalism, romanticism characterize the common identity of the Europeans (Smith, 1992). On the other hand, there are undeniable socioeconomic, cultural, national a nd ethnic differences among the member states of the European Union. Nevertheless, this reality is reflected in the motto of the Union which is unity in diversity from a positive point of view.A collective political culture is an important feature of the common European identity. The Greeks gave Europe the science and philosophy and the Romans gave it the idea of single continent and unity which created Europes strong cultural and political origins. The diverse and multiple cultures of the ancient Europe shared out a single identity as they were brought together under a common system of Roman law. The people of Europe also shared a common language, Latin, and after Europe slowly converted to Christianity they acquired a common religion. Christianity has been a crucial part of the European identity and it played a key role to create its internal cohesion and to de pressate its relationship with the rest of the world. Further references are made to Europes identity besides its herita ge of innocent Graeco-Roman civilization and Christianity such as the ideas of the depth, Science, Reason, Progress, Industrialization, Democracy and Individualization as the core elements of this claimed European legacy (Wintle, 1996 13-16). Hellenism, Romanticism, welfare society and cross-fertilization of diversity can be added to this list (Garcias, 1993 7-9), while one may argue that Europes core values include its commitments to an undivided continent, to individual freedom, and to the universalism of humanity (Havel, 1996).However, this unity never reached to the point of share-out a common European culture. A single body of citizenry or a common cultural identity could not be reached even in the peak of Europes history of unity. When the differences within Europe are emphasized, they are often in the form of unity in diversity religious differences such as Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christianity, and linguistic differences including Romance, Germanic and Slavic lang uages are obvious yet they are seen as correlated, CatholicRomance, ProtestantGermanic, OrthodoxSlavic, and essentially are fundamental the major ethnic cleavages and conflicts in the history of Europe. Anthony Smith is among the scholars who are skeptical of the possibility of a common European identity because they could not find a common culture across the European continent, and even more critically they claim that Europe lacks of a shared set of myths, experience and symbols these elements which they find crucial to create post-national identity (Smith, 1992 72-73). Furthermore, Europe lacks of a shared historical and cultural content as which is the largest source of division among Europeans. Other obstacles to a common European identity include linguistic diversity and its tripartite religious division. In fact, a major difference among EU countries is the persistence of linguistic diversity, even though in practical level English has become the dominant language in Europe. Language does not only have an instrumental but also an emotional dimension and peoples sense of nationality is often tied up with their mother tongue (Guibernau, 2001 192).On the other side of the debate, scholars such as Michael Wintle are more optimistic on the possibility of creating a European identity. Indeed, the existence of the EU identity in the form of converging command standards, educational exchanges, and the organization of a European civil society is already established in most parts of Europe. Wintle argues that a European identity was antecedently already created during the high Middle Age (Wintle, 1996 19-22), and it can be easily established today considering the forces of globalization. For now, the major success of the EU in fostering its identity has been limited with the increasing free movement of people across European borders, which has accelerated since the 1985 and lumpized in 1990 Schengen accords parallelly correlated with the rising impact of global ization. Increased interaction among peoples of Europe would also encourage cultural exchanges and this could foster a stronger sense of a shared community. Education and high culture shall play a key role in European Unions cultural policy, because these two factors have an important effect on the creation of the EU identity. Education is obviously one of the crucial dimensions in any attempt to develop the future identity of the EU or at least more understanding and convergence among Europeans high culture unites Europeans against the low culture which separates them. After all, the development of the EU identity will be the outcome of a long process in which bottom-up as well as top-down initiatives are likely to be employed (Guibernau, 2001 183-184).The idea of Europe as well as the identity of Europeans are constructed over time with processes of contention and bargaining. Gerard Delanty argues that a European Culture is not an entity with cohesion and fixed boundaries, but a floppy concept, with no clear borders and with internal rivalry and contradictions, discursively shaped in contentious social bargaining processes (Delanty, 1995 1999). In other words, the images of Europe do not exist as a natural phenomenon but are discursively shaped by internal as well as external forces (Strath, 2002). A basic step in the process of creating a collective identity is to defining itself in relation to the other. profound to ones identifications are images of others. Likewise any identity, European identity necessarily contains a argumentation from the non-European. This is natural to all distinctions, and they are both inclusive and exclusive. The boundaries of Europe can only be drawn and the identity of Europe can only be realized in the mirror of others. Indeed, Europe does not exist without non-Europe and that non-Europe does not exist without Europe. Many centuries ago, the Europeans defined people living in the north as uncivilized and people living in t he south as oriental (Pagden, 2002). Furthermore, the Greeks labeled the non-Greek speaking people as barbarians, even if that word would surely have a different meaning by that time. In nearer times, although the Russians shared many features with a European society including the same religion, it could not reach the formal limits of a Romanized civilization thus perceived as a barbaric empire or the orient, depending on the time. Moreover, European belief of its superiority relied on the common features of European societies such as science and bounteous arts. Thus the rest of the world could only be portrayed as actors in relation to Europe, in other words always remained as the other.According to Delanty, Europe has been always invented and reinvented on the basis of division and strategy for the construction of difference from the other commencement from Christian identity against Islam in the Middle-Ages, after that in the colonial politics to the New World, and to the ethni c minorities in the contemporary European Union (Delanty, 1995). Therefore, historical experience suggests that the new European identity may be constructed on the other which may be the United States, the East, Islam or the European past itself. Samuel Huntington has argued that religion provides the best common means of historically distinguishing between Europeans and the other, especially in terms of the confrontation between the Judeo-Christian tradition and Islam (Huntington, 1996). However, at the same time, the separation between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Western variations of Christianity has, for a long time, been crucial in establishing a division between Western and Eastern Europe partially reenforce in the C anile War, divisions between Catholicism and Protestantism and separation between North and South (Guibernau, 2001).Today, the European Union is frequently argued to be a fortress for the other and the EU is often referred to as a Christian Club, because hi storically all states on the continent of Europe had Christian societies. The Ottoman Empire was the greatest opposition of European states as well as Christianity in the Middle Ages which made Islam the primary charactersitic of the other for Europeans from the perspective of history. Today, the accession dialogues of Turkey into the European Union provoke wide public opposition in Europe while the European Union officials make constant efforts to prove their allegiance to non-religious, non-ethnic but solely liberal and non discriminatory Copenhagen Criteria independent from historical aspects of the other which has actually been extensively used to define the European identity. Finally, Europe is unique because it has possessed an identity as a cultural space which gave birth to political unions throughout its history. However, it has never succeeded to constitute a single nation-state or a unified ethnic group. Although the European Union with its single currency and supranatio nal political and legal institutions changed these historical facts to an extent, it is only possible with the means of a common European identity which will carry Europe to the next stage of integration which it always aimed but failed to achieve during its long history. Nevertheless, history has already proved that it will surely be enceinte to overcome uncertainties of a common European identity at the level of the masses.Over the past millennium, the advancements of European civilization gave rise to the elites living on the continent of Europe who feel increasingly attached to Europe as a whole and shared dreams of a united continent. However, Europe as a res publica sharing a common history as well as a common destiny has been largely abandoned by fixed prejudices on often nationalistic and ethnic grounds. National interests and biases at local, national, and global levels have prevented the masses of European people from viewing themselves collectively (Lowenthal, 2000 315) . However, today, forces of globalization, advancements in communications technologies and media transmittance of everyday popular culture now promotes the sense of being European among larger segments of society other than the European elites. Although a truly trans-European society is still in its infancy, many of its essential elements are already in place this time largely due to the forces of globalization. Most European states are increasingly representative in reality their economies are for the most part market driven their popular culture grows more homogeneous as communication technologies expand under the forces of globalization in the 21st Century (Waterman, 1999 23). Therefore, Europe is at the stage of defining its identity today however which criteria are being deployed to define Europe, Europeans, Europeanness and their single boundaries is critically important. A common European identity must be constructed by defining and understanding the historical roots of ou tstanding features of the European society in relation to the notion of citizenship, which will be discussed in depth in the following parts developed in the past over the domain of a function of Europe. For sure, Europe is being redefined as a result of a complex set of processes, but an important question is what sort of Europe is emerging from them?There is certainly a structured symmetry in the perception of the European Union as the coincidence of a homogenized socio-political space, a unified regulatory space of an EU super-state, a singular European civil society surpassing existing national and regional differences in culture and identity (Hudson, 2000). In some respects there has been progress towards such an ideal of European civil society. For example, the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights have had an important role in defining acceptable standards across Europe. The issue of European identity and the criteria used to denote Europeans is clear ly a critical one for the political and social integrity for the European Union. Europe will exist as an unquestionable political community only when European identity permeates peoples lives and daily existence (Demos 1998). Identity is a key issue which is continuously changing and thats the reason why it is so hard to define especially in a world of fast changes in the 21st Centurys globalization. The member states of todays enlarged EU have become multi-ethnic and multi-cultural societies with various structural phenomenon ranging from the immigrant community of France to Post-Communist yet ethnic communities of the Central and Eastern European states. As the EU expanded eastwards in the last two rounds of enlargements, the issue of defining a European identity became even more critical for sake of integrity and stability of the Union.One conception of a singular European identity would see it constructed through a process similar to that involved in the creation of national ide ntities in the 19th and the 20th Centuries. Ironically, while the aim was to create those national identities in the past, the challenge that Europeans formula today would be to transcend them for the creation of Europeannes. However, the current trends at local European level are quite different from the interests of Europeanists at the supranational level. There are pressures from nation states and their citizens to resist any further transfer of national sovereignty as well as erosion of national identity (Hudson, 2000). In fact, the success of extreme right wing political parties in important European countries such as Austria and France may be seen as a sign of the reappearance of dangerous nationalist and racist ambitions which the peoples of Europe have most probably experienced more than any other continent in the world history.Eric Hobsbawm has proclaimed that patriotism is dead (Hobsbawm, 1990). On the contrary, Llobera argues that national identities are certainly not et ernal, but the time of their demise has not yet arrived (Llobera, 2003). In fact, national identities are still dominant in Europe. Recent surveys show that, people in Europe prefer maintaining their national identity and sovereignty, but increasing number of people have accepted European identity in addition to their national identities. Therefore, European nationalism is another important component of a common European identity and it has been a major ideological tool for unifying nation states as well as the Europeans as a whole throughout Europes history. To start with, the European Union, with its both intergovernmental and supranational characteristics represents a far different type of state-organization than a classical nation state. The main distinguishing characteristics of the EU from the nation-state are the absence seizure of a shared language, a uniform media, common education system and a central state structure (Shore, 2000 64). Furthermore, the powers of the EU rely on the sharing of sovereignty of its member states. European unification is a progressive method of limiting individual nation states to practice any kind of harmful nationalism and this is makes up an important part of the European identity. At this point, nationalist Euroskeptics may argue that building a common Europe and an identity for it means destroying nations. However, a general feeling of Europeanness and loyalty to Europe in a cultural sense, does not need to conflict with national identities (Andreani, 1999).A successful construct of European identity must include the concrete and symbolic realities created within time. The European states have not always been nationalist through Europes long history. The definition of nationalism counts on the idea of nation and territory while the definition of a European nationalism depends on the historical and ideological evolution of the European nation states and aspirations for a post-national Europe. In fact, the aspirations th at underlie in the roots of the foundation of the European Union are parallel to European cosmopolitanism in the 18th and the 19th centuries. From the Enlightenment to the beginning of the ECSC after the Second World War European nationalism found two separate meanings one as an antinational Pan-European idea of a new united Europe that limits the sovereignty of the nation states, and the other as a pro-national ideology to create or legitimate new nation states (DAppollonia, 2002).Historically, cosmopolitanism reflected intentions for a European unity, and gave rise to anti-national European nationalism. European nationalism was characterized by the will to protect the European interests and its supremacy from non-Europeans as well as protecting Europe from itself by creating a federation. It can be argued that economic development, commercial prosperity, intellectual-supremacy and military power were the factors making Europe homogeneous and created a united European identity beyo nd national borders to an extent. Some intellectuals as well as economists believe that the nation state is an outdated political and economic entity, and nationalism is merely an expression of old prejudiced and narrow-minded ideas. European nationalism defined itself similar to the nation state through common identity and culture, territory, historical memory building, and economic and political objectives to defend self-interests. The defensive conception of European nationalism on the other hand had always been a driving factor, yet the pro-nationalist ideologies had been the major cause underlying the wars of modern times. As Europe was divided into aggressive nation states, the idea of Europe had increasingly converged. Although the wars were dividing factors themselves, their interpretations by the Europeanists became powerful unifying factors for Europe. The irony of European nationalism is that it depends on the memory of events that divided rather than united the continent (DAppollonia, 2002).Although it used the same definitions of nation and Europe with the anti-national European nationalism from time to time, it remained limited to the strict logic of the national framework. Transnational solidarities were necessity to establish European unity under either a supranational or an intergovernmental structure. For some intellectuals, European nationalism was the only way to protect the autonomy of nations and the liberty of the individuals. Conceptualizing of the European Union citizenship and creation of the Committee of the Regions in the EU were seen as efforts of the Pro-national European nationalists. These forms of European nationalism rejected the form of narrow nationalism while it showed ambitions to reinforce the intermediary actions between state and individual, between the individual, the market the centralizati

How Should our Society Assign Value to Human Life?

How Should our Society Assign repute to Hu gay action history?Sample Student EssaysThe order of LifeWriting AssignmentSo further in this assignment sequence, we convey heard a number of different voices giving insights into the pay off of flavor. Hamlets soliloquy offers an emotional, metaphor-laden coup doeil into the telephoneing of a young man contemplating suicide. ray Armstrongs autobiography utilizes storytelling from a commencement-person perspective to reap across how the famed cyclist weighs about bread and thoter. Amanda Ripleys article from term magazine provides insight into the problems involved in translating the concept of valuing life from abstract terms into actual dollars and cents. The Human Life Value Calculator establishes specific criteria for grant pecuniary place to a persons life.You might non fully agree or disagree with any of the texts essential claims about the appreciate of life. This makes your voice an signifi tint contri thatio n to this discussion about how we should value human life. Where do your ideas fit into the terrain mapped by the other texts we have read? Is it right to assign dollar set to a persons life? Do suffering and illness impact how we should value life? Assume that the audience for your piece consists of intelligent citizens interested in this issue-the akin types of people, for instance, who would read Time magazine.As you write your probe, cipher about the different ship canal the authors we have read make their points about valuing life. Dep arresting on the points you be attempt to make, you might sine qua non to use around metaphors for life, as Hamlet does, or tell some stories the modal value Armstrong does. You may choose to include some actors line from people you inter scene, as Ripley does in her article, or you might even choose to establish some criteria for how human life should be calcu freshd in monetary terms. As you construct your move, make conscious choices about the ways you keep represent your ideas to your ratifier.Be sure to refer to and cite the readings. You may also use examples from your personal experience or observations.The sample scholarly person essays that follow reflect the EPT strike Guides criteria.Sample student essay with a score of 6The Value of LifeShould people put the value of life into monetary value or should life be kept solely as an emotional quantity? People and societies throughout the ages have been trying to swear out the problem of putting the value of life into terms of dollar bills. The ancient Egyptians buried their dead with each(prenominal) of their existencely belongings. They retrieved a persons monetary expenditure on Earth was over, and they should take wholly of that earthly worth with them to the aft(prenominal)life. Modern day Americans be different from the Egyptians. today people believe that the families of the dead should be compensated for their loss.It is true that life is a precious commodity a lot like a diamond. But opposed a diamond, life has no set monetary value. But todays government is trying to change that. by and by the tragedies of September 11, 2002, the federal official government poseed a federal fund to help the victims and families of victims of the attacks. This fund would give priority to people who were injured in the attacks, therefore to the spouse, and whence to the p bents. Sounds spacious doesnt it? Your husband dies and now you secure con put togethered your income, and the government is going to pay you for your loss. Well dont jump on the bandwagon so fast now. This might sound great now, but once you are human knee deep in the program, it wont be so fun. To figure out how much bullion a person leave behind receive from this fund is unflinching by a multi-step process. First they figure out how much an individual would have earned had there been no attacks. This would mean that a bankers family would earn far much than the family of a janitor in the buildings. Is it true that a banker is worth more to society than a janitor? Is a lawyer more important than a desk salesclerk? Then the fund adds $250,000 as a base cover, and then another $50,000 for a spouse and each child (Ripley 12). This would imply that a married man who has 6 kids in more important than a married man with no children at all. Is it more important in society to make babies than it is to salutary live your life? What about people who havent yet had a chance to fightert a family because their lives were cut so short? Now all that money sounds like a blessing, doesnt it?Well now that you have your foundation money, now you have to subtract the money you get from life insurance, pension, Social Security wipeout benefits, and workers compensation. After these brusque subtractions, you now have the total that you are going to receive from the governments fund. Now you are going to be hit with revolutionary questions a fter all this, for example is a rich man with high life insurance, high pension, and no children worth less than a poor man with no life insurance, no job, and ten children (Ripley 13)? The answer to all these questions is no. The lives of all people should be valued at the alike(p) price, if you are to set a price at all. A rich man should be the same as a poor man a woman with no children should have the same life value as a woman with seven kids. The point is that if the government is going to put a monetary value of a human life, than it should be the same for e very(prenominal)(prenominal)one. We hold these truths to egotism-evidence that all men are created equal (King Jr.).There are many occupations against putting a money value on human life and two of the most impressive come from Alephonsion Deng and Lance Armstrong. Alephonsion Deng is one of the Sudanese Lost Boys. We crossed a thousand miles of fight ravaged country without the hope of sanctuary. Bullets replaced f ood, medicine, shelter and my loving parents. I lived on wild vegetable, ate mud from Mother Earth, and drank urine from my own body (Deng 16). He had to walk across an entire country from refugee camp to refugee camp, always with the thought of death behind him. He didnt have the luxury of universe able to go down to the grocery store when he ran out of food. He had to scavenge for what ever he could get his hands on. If Mr. Deng was asked about the governments 9/11 victims fund, which is set to put a monetary value on life, he would probably be outraged. After what he had been through he would probably say that it is out of the question to turn something as valuable as life into terms of money.Lance Armstrong survived a long battle with cancer, and after this battle came out with a sensitive outlook on life. When I was 25, I got testicular cancer and nearly died. I was given less than a 40 percent chance of surviving, and frankly, some of my doctors were just being kind when th ey gave me those odds (Armstrong 1). Before having the ordeal with cancer his out look on life was just live it fast, everything was fast for him. After surviving the unbeatable he came out with a brand new outlook on his value of life. He now preached that life can end very quickly and that everyone should live their lives to the fullest terms possible. If someone asked Lance Armstrong about the government trying to put life into terms of dollars, bills, he would have a heart attack. Much like Mr. Deng, he would think that life is precious and the government should not demean it by trying to bring money into the same picture frame as life.Should life be put into monetary determine? The answer is no. Life is way too precious of a commodity to put into terms of money. People who have been on the brink of death would all say that you cannot put a value on the indispensable high that is known as life. To go lynchpin to an earlier metaphor, life authentically is like the most precio us and valuable of gems. They are similar in rareness and beauty, but are different in the fact that gems have a set money value, but life is a lot more stupendous than any gem on Earth. That is wherefore life doesnt have a monetary value and never should.Work CitedArmstrong, Lance, and Sally Jenkins. Its Not near the Bike My Journey Back to life. New York Penguin Putnam, 2001.Deng, Alephonsion. I have Had to Learn to Live With Peace. Newsweek 31 October 2005 16.King, Jr., Martin Luther. I Have A Dream. Mephis Educational Computer Connectivity Alliance. 11/21/05. http//www.mecca.org/crights/dream.html.Ripley, Amanda. What is Life Worth? Time December 2002 12-13.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York Simon and Schuster, 1992.Unknown, Human Life Value Calculator. Life and Insurance Foundation for Education. November 14, 2005 http//www.life-line.org/life_human.html.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT mark Guides criteria for a score of 6. The superior response indicates that th e generator is very well prepared to carry off college-level reading and writing. Because this impress asks for an edited (that is, revised and polished) essay, student papers should reflect the appropriate degree of organization, content, and editing.The writer addresses the entire topic and responds fully to all sayings of the prompt.The writer demonstrates a thorough critical understanding of the readings by incorporating them into the argument and by quoting them extensively, accurately, and, generally, in correct MLA format occasional dropped in quotations indicate that the writer has not yet fully mastered this process.The writer uses rhetorical questions to cutting off the assumptions made by sources with whose opinions the writer disagrees rhetorical questions are occasionally overused, but the writer attempts to mitigate them with details from the reading.The writer has a smooth and easy writers voice, addressing the reader directly and confidently.The essay uses a so phisticated inductive strategy, marshaling evidence first and saving the conclusions for later.The essay remains focused throughout.The essay makes use of source clobber beyond the readings it also ties different types of support material together nicely.The writer avoids a formulaic essay approach and brings the reader full circle at the end by returning to the initiation idea (the gem).Errors are rare and do not detract from meaning.Sample student essay with a score of 5The Value of LifePeople often question how we should measure the value of life. Can life be calculated into dollars and cents? Should ones value be dictated by their lifes accomplishments? Or does the value of ones life depend solely upon how much that individual embraces and loves their existence? In my personal experience I have found the latter to be true. Life is given value and meaning by one enjoying and accepting it.Someone once said You should not fear death, but fear the unlived life. This heart that o ne should not fear the end of a journey, but enjoy the trip. To me this is absolutely true. Why should we spend our time fearing the inevitable? We are given and a few short years to experience the world, friendships, loves, and losses. Even the bad experiences teach us to appreciate the good ones. This doesnt mean we should all go out and be terrible people just so we allow appreciate our good experiences, but rather that we should learn from our mistakes. Lance Armstrongs view of life is similar to this he says that sometimes life is fun, and great, and other times it is horrible, but whether good or bad our experiences make us stronger people. It is these experiences which give our lives meaning. heart and value however, are completely different issues. So how can the value of ones entire life and worth be translated into monetary values? The people at most life insurance companies will tell you it is a simple mathematical process based on age, physical health, and income. Subt ract $1000 for every year over 40, subtract for any diseases, or illnesses, add 50 times their yearly income and voila Youll have the value of anyones life calculated in an newsbreak Unfortunately, this process cannot be applied to memories and experiences. You cant subtract points for every bad experience, lost love, and abandoned friendship and even the bad memories are carried around with us forever. Amanda Ripleys article, from TIME magazine, outlines, some of the problems with calculating the monetary value of life. Many people view the amount of money they receive as a measure of their love ones value, which creates problems for the people who have to award the money. Calculating the value of life in dollar worth can be a complicated issue involving toughened emotional and moral dilemmas.Value is something which each individual assigns to their life depending on how much meaning it has to them self and others. A life is not a self contained object it is a electronic network which is shared with others. All people have value not just to themselves but to others as well. If you died tomorrow you entire network of friends and family would surely mourn for you. All of the people whose lives you have touched would mourn for you. In Hamlets soliloquy, he neglected to consider what effect his life had on his family and friends. Everyone whether they illuminate it or not, has some kind of effect on the people around them. Hamlet thought of his own life as worthless and thought everyone else did too.Lifes value cannot be determined by dollar value, popularity or even by ones accomplishments. If one doesnt value life them self then they will be depressing therefore making people around them unhappy. People must depend on themselves to make their lives valuable and meaningful. Ultimately it is peoples own ability and willingness to value life which gives them worth.BibliographyArmstrong, Lance, and Sally Jenkins. Itss Not About the Bike My Journey Back to life . New York Penguin Putnam, 2001.Ripley, Amanda. What is Life Worth? Time December 2002 12-13.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York Simon and Schuster, 1992.Unknown, Human Life Value Calculator. Life and Insurance Foundation for Education. November 14, 2005 http//www.life-line.org/life_human.html.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 5. The clear competence of the essay indicates that this writer is quite ready to handle college-level reading and writing. Because this prompt asks for an edited (that is, revised and polished) essay, student papers should reflect the appropriate degree of organization, content, and editing.The essay thoroughly addresses the prompt and raises the pertinent question of the oddment between value and money.The writer remains focused throughout the essay, offers a clear thesis about enjoyment and acceptance, and pursues that thesis throughout the supporting paragraphs.The writer uses transitions to guide the reade r, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the sentence that ends the befriend paragraph, It is these experiences which give our lives meaning, which transitions to the opening sentence of the third paragraph, Meaning and value however, are completely different issues. fooling shifts in diction (for example, one in first paragraph, to we in the second, to you in third) are distracting the essay mainly uses a conversational tone that works very well for this writer.The writer makes a lovely case in the fourth paragraph for life as a network rather than a self-contained object.The essays second half begins to repeat itself, particularly in the lowest two paragraphs, although the writer attempts to mitigate this repetition by using the Hamlet example.Errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics are minor the writer could use some practice with commas.Sample student essay with a score of 4The Value of LifeThe value of life. What is it exactly? We will never know the true definition of the value of life because there are so many different perspectives in this world and everyone will think their perspective is right.According to the Human Life Calculator, our value is based on the amount of money we will make in our lives and zipper more. It depends on the money we make, how many children we have, and how much we spend on ourselves each month. Some people queue up it fair to actually compare the value of life to the dollar amount they are worth. They might even look into it so much that people choose their partner according to their monetary values and not the emotional attachment. There are many people like that these days that only worry about money and what society thinks of them sooner of wanted to be truly happy.I dont agree with the Human Life Value Calculator what so ever. No persons life should be estimated on their monetary worth. It should go deeper then that. It all depends on how they want to live there life and if they think they live it to the fullest. If t hey live it to only become rich and die rich then so be it that is their own personal value. But to assume that every person values their life that way is completely and utterly wrongWhen it comes to Hamlet, he wonders if there is even a value to life. To be, or not to be-that is the question that is his main issue throughout the entire play. He pretty much loses everything that means anything to him in his life so he cant help but wonder if there is even a point anymore. Anything he truly valued, such as his father and Ophelia, was taken from him. He has nothing to value so why should he question the value of life?Life has many hardships no matter who you are, even if you are Hamlet. It still has a value to it. It teaches you to value you what you have because you never know when or they may not be there.Lance Armstrong is a whole different story. He looks at life in such a positive perspective now unlike before. Unlike many people, he was given a second chance to live his life. He values every single thing because he never knows when it will be his time to go. He was luck the first time but no one know if he will be next time, if there is a next time. He learned the hard way not to take life for granted but to take advantage of it and live everyday as though it were your last.Not everyone is as lucky as Lance Armstrong. He now realizes how valuable his life and everyone in it is but thats because he was given a second chance. There are so many people out there who wish they would have realized how valuable everything was before it was too late because they didnt get that second chance. We may not realize it until it happens but when we or a love one goes through suffering or illness it truly impacts how we value life. It makes us face the reality that not everyday is guaranteed and people will not stay with us forever no matter how much we wish they would.I think, as a society, we should value life not by how much money we have or how much we are worth but b y how much we enjoy life and everyone in it. It shouldnt take the death of a loved one for us to realize everyday is valuable. We should rouse up everyday realizing its a new day and be thankful for it. Im not saying to wake up and say today might be my last but realize it, embrace it. Take nothing fro granted and live everyday to its fullest. If you love someone then tell them. If you want to start a business then do what it take to start one. Do whatever you have to so that when you leave this world you are happy with who you are and what you accomplished. Dont expect to have no regrets or make no mistakes because those are what helped to form you to the person you become over time. I admit I am far fro perfect but that is what makes me and I am happy with myself. I love my life and everyone in it who helps to form it. I wouldnt take anything keep going or do anything over because if I did I wouldnt be the intelligent, free spirited, young woman I am today. I value my life to th e fullest and it will never be based on money or praying to be given a second change because I didnt live it right the first time.Works CitedArmstrong, Lance and Sally Jenkins. Its Not About The Bike My Journey Back To Life.New York Berkley Trade, 1991.Human Life Value CalculatorShakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Alan Durband. London Hutchinson and Co., 1986.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 4 however, it is a strong 4. This adequate response to the topic suggests that the writer should be able to handle college-level reading and writing. Because this prompt asks for an edited (that is, revised and polished) essay, student papers should reflect the appropriate degree of organization, content, and editing.The essay is a classic befuddling 4 paper it wobbles between a 5 paper and a 3 paper, never really settling in either camp.The writer opens with a rhetorical question and then moves quickly to a clear, if simplistic, thesis.The writer att empts to integrate the readings by including supporting detail, although the essay offers only a single direct quotation.The works cited list provides a quasi-MLA format for sources.The logic in the third paragraph fails to persuade the writer opens by showing Hamlet questioning lifes value and then closes with the question, He has nothing to value so why should he question the value of life?The essay is somewhat repetitive, restating the idea of personal satisfaction as the best gauge of lifes value.The essay lacks transitions in general, although the opening sentence of the penultimate paragraph, Not everyone is as lucky as Lance Armstrong, is an exception.The writer opens each paragraph with a statement that focuses on the reading however, the second half of each paragraph, which features the writers own experience and opinions, generally becomes repetitive, rambles, or offers a cliched conclusion.The writer struggles with usage (than/then, there/their, everyday/every day), mech anics (especially punctuation), and grammar, although such instances do not greatly detract from meaning the shifts in person in paragraph six, however, are quite distracting.Sample student essay with a score of 3Extreme LifeWhat is life? I dont know, but I know it is full of obstacles. Sometimes they are small, sometimes they arent. I dont think there is a point to it, but who knows? Another thing I know, everybody dies at the end, so why wont people live it to the maxim instead of just sitting on their bums and doing nothing, Being alive to me is to experience new adventures and to have fun.Life is worth living for as long as you can. As Lance Armstrong said, I want to die at a hundred years old with an American Flag on my back on the star of Texas on my helmet. It is very fun living out to your maximum, doing extreme sports like bungi jumping. I think that life should be extreme. It is also nice to come back home to someone who loves you and cares about you. I love food I think i ts another great thing to spend time with friends, especially when you can dig in and pig out. Its nice to have friends that are there for you when you have problems, and you know that they will help you out. Life is just a great things, but it doesnt always feel like it.To be or not to be is Hamlets famous quote. I bet every single person on earth has come to this decision. Besides the great things in life, you come across difficulties. For example losing the loved one. I think that hurts the most. Another thing is when you dont feel loved or accepted. Thats when people come out of their limit and start doing bad stuff like drugs. When it gets really out of hand, they try to commit suicide. I believe that anybody who tried it or attempts suicide it are failures in life. As Lance Armstrong said, Why dont we all just stop and lie down where we are? what is we just do it? Its just an easy way out of life, escaping all the obstacles and pain. There is a lot of it. You friend can stab y ou in the back, your family member can die, there are just too many to name. You should just love life enough to struggle through the painful times.Why would I want to change, even for a day, the most important and shaping event in my life? Lance Armstrongs words. Express how I feel. I would not give me life up for anything. I have made many of bad mistakes that I should not have done, but those mistakes make me the person I am today. I wouldnt want to look or be any different than I am right now. I love my life, and I hope everyone else does too because its the only one weve got. You will have to start loving it or that only one wont be a good one.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 3. Although the essay suggests developing competence, it is flawed in significant ways that suggest the writer needs additional practice before being able to succeed in college-level reading and writing. Because this prompt asks for an edited (that is, revised and polished) essay, student papers should reflect the appropriate degree of organization, content, and editing.The essay responds to the prompt at the opening, although it moves past from the prompt later.The writer attempts to define life itself rather than discuss the value of life.The writer offers a thesis about adventures and fun but does little to offer support for that thesis.The essays paragraphs, although short, are overworked in that they contain several ideas competing for space the essay does not attempt to separate paragraphs into discrete ideas.The paragraph about alimentation and hanging out with friends struggles with logic, perhaps because the writer is still trying to connect the evidence to the thesis by the third paragraph, the writer seems willing to move away from the thesis completely.The opening of the third paragraph (To be or not to be is Hamlets famous quote. I bet every single person on earth has come to this decision) makes neither logical nor rhetori cal sense.The writer attempts to quote texts directly but lacks the skill to incorporate quoted material properly.The writer shows a special syntactic repertoire the first paragraph, for example, contains four rhetorical questions out of six sentences.Errors of grammar, usage, and mechanics accumulate to detract from meaning there are several wanting apostrophes and fragments (see the second sentence of the final paragraph, for example).Sample student essay with a score of 2Value of LifeThis is a question that runs through everybodys mind. What would person pay for a life? What would you do if your life ended tomorrow? Would you tell someone that you cared about the most that you loved them? What would you do for your final hours? How do you think the people aboard the 9/11 plane attack felt as soon as they knew that they werent going to see their families anymore? These questions are all very goods questions but the most important one is Have you been living the life that you wa nted to live?Humans always follow others ways of posture and ways of thinking. People picking up laughs, looks, even the way they think about other people. Think of it this wayif someone put a shoot to year head and they said, Give me three reasons why I should not pull this trigger? What would you say? It might sound like a harsh, crude(a) question but if you think about it. where you living your life to the fullest?Posers always get on everybodys nerves. They are going to look back on their lives and think what they did was really stupid. Their values of life are following somebodys elses footstep, following others stories, what they like, dont like because they cant think for themselves. They rely on other people to make their decisions for them.The final thought is the toughest thought of all. Things all bundled up inside your head. The only thing to realize is that people dont make you who you are. You make the decisions that will lead your life, the rest of your life. What w ould your family get if you died? Tack on an extra $50,000 in pain and suffering for a spouse and for each child. Thats what you would get. Now think to yourself, are you living your life to the fullest, what you think is good?Ripley, Amanda. What is a life worth? Time 11 Feb. 2002.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 2. The serious flaws here indicate that this writer will need considerable additional practice before being able to succeed in college-level reading and writing. Because this prompt asks for an edited (that is, revised and polished) essay, student papers should reflect the appropriate degree of organization, content, and editing.The essay opens with a statement about questions, followed by six rhetorical questions in a row.The writer seriously overuses the questioning strategy, with three additional questions in the second paragraph and two in the fourth (concluding) paragraph the essay itself finishes with a question.The essa y neglects the prompt it discusses values rather than the value of life.The final paragraph attempts to approach the prompt by quoting Ripley (although the writer does not attribute the quoted material), but the quotation is ineffectively dropped into the concluding text.The essay does not demonstrate any discernible organizational strategy.Some sentences make no sense at all, such as People picking up laughs, looks, even the way they think about other people.Errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics are present but not all that profound lack of logic and content is the issue with this essay.Sample student essay with a score of 1The Value of LifePeople put a money aspect on people for example, when people have money then we need them, we dont even care about anyone unless they have money. When disaters like sunamis happen, people want to find there family but dont understand the water infected and no one nos whats happening to any one any where.Katrina for example. They (the army) use colors were dead are, yellowness were sick are, green x marking the spot were people who are worth saving were. We help people every where in the world but no our own people, to save them, even the army was there making every one get out of there house if they wanted to or not, they might get shot if not. People have always come here to make a new lives and this is what happens? Its way messed up. Is this how to value people?Shakespeare new how bad life can be. To be or not to be said Hamlet who thought not. We have to find out a way to help and over come what might happen next so every one is not so discouraged because money is not the answer or stocks or bonds or jewelers but only love.CommentaryThis essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 1. The fundamental deficiencies here indicate that this writer will need a great deal of additional practice before being

The Scope Of Online Library Management Information Technology Essay

The Scope Of Online program library Management Information Technology EssayDue to the many problems facing with the current dodge by the college, I do a completely new library management frame that can produce automated online system for managing the activities of the library system. It is tot in ally secured system that can be accessed only by the verified white plaguer putting the user name and password procedure.To mitigate the copes of conventional and manual of arms method of reservation and distribution of supports to readers from library, the online library Management System has been created. The program library Management System is a web-based online system for assisting both the students/teachers and librarian/staff in borrowing and supervising the allows. The system would erect fundamental go down of features for leaveing and/or updating members, adding and/or updating discs, getting the list of books, finding out the list of books currently checked out, rese rving and borrowing books. Its tuition includes the formation and importanttenance of back-end database with MySQL and front-end application breachment aspects with PHP.Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Project ScopeThe scope of Online Library Management System includes Create distinct produce users based on their roles and permissions. Au and thenticate users at their login. Provide the list of books the users can borrow. Facility to reserve books that ar available. A status foliate for all users to thought books reserved by them. Facility to cancel the reservation for a book made earlier. A status page for all users to view books borrowed by them, their exclusive due dates and their individual penalties if any. An interface to view and edit the own profile. Provide method for adjusting account settings such as passwords. Mechanism to reset the password in theme user forgets it. Providing interface to add or delete books to staffs.1.2 Problem definition of existing systemLondon Co llege of Engineering and Management has been using the manual library system for handling different activities of the library in the college. We can simply say that the system has been running totally in a composing based. The college does non have any online system to enable students to access the library resources.Main Features Of The Existing SystemThis LMS (Library Management System) can hold limited get along of information and data regarding books, students, and dates when students borrow the books. As mentioned earlier this system is a manual system which manages all this information in the paper based book known as register.Issue ProcedureWhile issuing the book to the students and/or teachers, first of all one of the college staffs conking as a librarian asked the students to show the library card that has already been made by the college for each and e very(prenominal) students. If the student does not have library card, then they never issue the book to that particular one. The librarian institutes the library card and hold it until the students return the book. In the register, all the information related to the students as well as the book such as accession number, students name and contact details, book title, book author, issue date, return date etc. It is impossible to reserve the book from home. countersign Return Procedure in that respect is a certain procedure that has to be followed by the students and librarian while returning the book. Within the due date, the student is necessitate to return the book. Otherwise, the student has to pay certain comes as a fine. The book borrowed by the student is being handed over to the librarian and now it is the responsibleness of the librarian to issue the library card to the respective student by declaring that the student is no longer holding that book with him/her. matchition Of New moderateThe student can fill a small request form named Request Form For New give-and-take in order to get a desired book which is not available in the college. If more than 8 students are demanding for the same book then only the college meeting is held to discuss how to reign the book in the library.To keep record of the new book, the library staff needs to fill a form named Add New Book in which there are number of headings to be filled up such as Name of Book, Date of Delivery, Book Title, Author Name, Published Date, Published Year, Edition, Book Category, etc. They need to keep a catalogue and a notice is stick on the library notice board noticing that a particular book is available in the library.Fine SystemThe librarian is working on keeping the record of penalty paid by the student on not giving back the book on time. Librarian finds out the issue date and return date of the book and if the student fails to return that book inside the return date of the book, then he/she has to pay 1/day as a fine. The fine may get high in the case when the book has been lost or damage by the stu dent.Deletion ProcedureThe book record is deleted from the library register book when the book has been lost or totally damaged by the user.Problems With The Current System Hard to maintain backup because of large and duplication of data. Data epitome and access to database is tiresome. Difficult to go for book status rapidly. Updating the details of student/book is a longer make for. Students have to visit the college with an appointment to initialize the process of reservation and/or borrowing. It is very difficult work to sort the book manually. Data inconsistency may arise in the case of several entries of the same book and in addition whenever a new book is added in the library system. Adding a new book, updating the details of the book and students, and sorting them in a systemic mode is somehow impossible. Due to tear and loss of issue cards, it is required to make a new library card as soon as possible. Again it is time consuming task to find out the information about th at particular book.1.3 Proposed SystemAs a solution, the project titled Library Management System (LMS) is a web-based online system for supervising and managing the transactions in a library. The project Library Management System (LMS) is built up in PHP and backed up with MySQL, which mainly concentrates on basic operations in a library including but not limited to adding/updating members, adding/deleting books, reserving/borrowing books and diversity and returning books all processed online.The proposed system has following advantages. favorable to handle and feasibleFast retrieve to databaseA smaller amount of errorEasy access to all informationLook and Feel EnvironmentRapid transactionCost reductionAll the manual complications in controlling the Library have been rectified by implementing this computerization system. The system has been essential to control the behavior, jobs and requirements of each individual category of users. The users are categorized as students, teacher s and staffs. Students and teachers are fighting(a) members of book users whereas the staffs control the distribution and maintenance of library books.Key Words Involved In the Proposed SystemThe following entities are involved in the proposed systemStaff Teacher StudentInstruction Account Summery Account Summery meet/Edit Profile View/Edit Profile View/Edit ProfileChange Password Change Password Change PasswordBook Catalogue Book Catalogue Book CatalogueAdd Books Reserved Book Reserved BookIssue Books Borrowed Book Borrowed BookReceive BooksAdd UserLookup ProfilesBy viewing the keywords involved in the proposed system, we can considerably estimate what is all about the system is.Chapter 2 Literature go offDifferent evolution methodologies can be choose to develop the system. The following common methodologies are2.1 Waterfall ModelThe waterfall lesson was initiated as a first sequential design process in which increase is downward. It is alike called as a traditional insta nce. There is no upward flow. That is why it is named as waterfall. It is a linear software program emergence lifecycle ideal.Requirements/ Analysis public figureImplementationCodingTestingFig. 2.1 Waterfall ModelThe waterfall model has been prepared on numerous phases particularly to improve the system. By following this technique, the system depart be divided into several phases thus reducing out the whole process. For instance you are in the Phase I, it would not go to the following phase i.e. Phase II until the Phase I has done completely. In the same process, you will go to the side by side(p) phase like as waterfall. at once you go to the next phase, you cannot turn back.AdvantagesThe Waterfall model is simple and easy to use.Easy to manage because of the inflexibility of the model each phase has a review process.All the phases are developed and completed sequentially i.e. one by one.It works fine for minor systems having well- unsounded requirements.Strong documentatio n is obtainable because a plentifulness of paper work is done in waterfall model.DisadvantagesModifying scope at some point in the life cycle can destroy the system.There are high amount of risk and insecurity.A lot of time is wasted.When to use the waterfall modelRequirements are extremely well known, cl aboriginal understood and fixed.The organization has knowledge of alike projects.Tools and techniques are understood.There are no vague needs.The project is short.2.2 Spiral ModelSpiral model is one of the stovepipe model for software nurture which merge both prototyping and designing in different stages of the development process. It is like designing the first prototype of the concept, its requirements and plan at the end of the first stage. Likewise we create another prototype which consists of drafting the requirements, validating and rendering it in another stage. Similarly whole development process runs similarly by means ofout the entire process of software development which is called spiral model of software development.This model also apply the features of the both prototyping and waterfall model which makes it very efficient and effective software development model. This also the main reason that software engineer uses this model to develop very complex and innovative software.It is essentially used in military, future combat, scientific research and so on.Fig. 2.2 Spiral ModelIndividual consequent spirals develops on the baseline spiral. During the planning phase, all the requirements compulsory are collected. Risk and solution are identified in the risk analysis phase where a process is undertaken. Finally, a prototype is produced. The next phase is the evaluation phase where the clients are given the project to evaluate the egresss before it goes on to the next spiral.AdvantagesIt minimizes risk because of high level of risk analysis in the different stages of the development process.It is highly recommended to those projects which are very complex and sophisticated.Unlike other model, this model is quiet pliable which sum that if we want add some functionality at a later date then we can do so.DisadvantagesIt requires very highly skilled manpower to analyze and identify the risk.This model is expensive than other models because of the expertise it requires to develop and analyze the system.Main success of the project is highly depends upon the analysis stage which means beginning of the stage.This model is not effective and efficient for the small projects.2.3 Prototype ModelPrototyping model is such types of model which is used to develop sample of the product including all the requirements in the early stage of software development. This model basically follows the simple concept of test and trail for the precise development of the product. First, we design the concept, built its prototype and then we test that prototype. If there is any problem in that prototype then we go back to our design, makes some chan ges after that again we design another prototype and then we test it. In this way whole process runs throughout the period until or unless we get the final product. This is how prototyping model works.It is nearly used in development of webpage based systems. It is especially used to develop e-commerce sites, shopping sites, catalogue page and product order page etc.Fig. 2.3 Prototype ModelAdvantagesEarly development of prototype gives an idea of how the final product looks like.Early development of prototype allows us to find problems in our system in early stage so it reduces time to develop final product.It is one of the costs effective software development process.It also allows active participation between its user and producer of the product.DisadvantagesIt is indefensible if there are lots of end users as well as it might take long time to develop the product.It might not intermix overall needs of the organization as a whole.It is not suitable for development of large prod ucts.Structure and design of the system could go other way than that of the original design.When to use Prototype modelPrototype model should be used when the desired system needs to have a lot of fundamental interaction with the end users.Typically, online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users, are high hat suited for Prototype model. It might take a while for a system to be built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training for the end user.Prototyping ensures that the end users constantly work with the system and provide a feedback which is incorporated in the prototype to result in a useable system. They are excellent for designing good valet de chambre computer interface systems.2.4 Rapid industry teaching Model (RAD)As its name implies, Rapid Application Development is one of the fastest ways of maturation software. It uses minimal planning for its prototype which makes it easier to develop software much faster. Instead of was ting time for planning and design, they simply merge planning with construction phase. It means that planning and construction goes unitedly which ultimately makes it more flexible to changes of the requirement in the middle of the construction. We can call it as an incremental process model that insistences a small development phase.This approach is mostly used in such types of environment which needs fast response. Similarly, when the system is needed than early set development time then this approach is suitable to provide a fast response. It is specially used to developed systems for share markets, IT (Information technology) companies and so on.Fig. 2.4 Rapid Application Development Model (RAD)AdvantagesIt reduces the time while developing the software.Different components can be reused.It provides higher customer satisfaction due to active involvement during software development.It supports the feedback of the customer.It dishs to improve integration issue as well.Disadvanta gesIt depends upon the highly qualified team and developers to identify the requirements.It is costly method due to cost of modeling and automated coevals coding.It requires highly-skilled manpower.RAD can only develop those system which can be modularized.When to use Prototype ModelIt should be used if the requirements are well identified.It should be used if there is enough high-skilled manpower and the high amount of cost that needed for the entire project.It should be used that can be modularized in a short period of time.It should be used if there is availability of the user involved during the entire life cycle of the system development.2.5 bustling methodologyAgile is one of the rapid ways of developing software. It is also one of the main types of incremental model where different results of different phases were merged together and send for through testing. After that, these results are use for application development. Because of incremental model, small software produce s with quick phases. It is cooperative as well because the developers and clients are working frequently together with good communicating. It is straightforward due to its well documentation, simple, and easy to learn. It is also well adaptive in nature. At any time, changes can be made easily without difficulty. There are different organization that are using this approach as for example, General Electronics (GE), British Airways, NYSE Euronext and several other agencies.Fig. 2.5 Agile MethodologyType of Agile MethodologyExtreme ProgrammingScrumCrystal family of methodologiesFeature Driven DevelopmentRational Unified ProcessDynamic Systems Development MethodAdaptive Software DevelopmentOpen Source Software DevelopmentOther Agile MethodsAgile ModelingPragmatic ProgrammingAdvantagesIt is a rapid way of development of software so client satisfaction is high.Client satisfaction is emphasize that means interaction with client is high so less chance of product failure.There is a good com munication between developers and clients.It is very flexible that even late changes in requirements are adopted without any problems.DisadvantagesIf organization representative is not sure about the specific requirement for the organization then whole software development process will be on jeopardy.When developing a large product for large organization it will be very difficult to achieve and measure the requirements needed for the development of application.It gives less emphasis to design and process of the requirements.It requires very highly experienced manpower which will often make this process quite expensive.When to use Agile MethodologyIt should be used if the system needs some certain changes in the middle of time. These changes are possible with a minimum amount of cost.It should be used if you want to make a good communications between the clients and developers so that client gets fully satisfaction with no error.It should be used if the system needs a good design and technical excellence.Out of the above methodologies, I have chosen Rational Unified Process (RUP). In my project, I have implemented Rational Unified Process as a methodology where Joint Application Development is possible and inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases are overlapped so that feedback from the client can be effectively implemented in my system.2.6 Tools and Technologies Used hypertext mark-up oral communication5HTML is hyper text mark-up language which is the core part of the internet. HTML 5 is a fifth rewrite edition of the HTML. This mark-up language is very important for the structuring the framework and presenting the design in the World Wide Web. This HTML 5 is revised version which is W3C candidate recommendation. It means that it is in most optimum stage than any other old version released. The key difference in the HTML 5 is that it is more users loving as well as supports all the latest multimedia. The main aim of this language is to cr eate a easy communication through language between the computer and its users.CSS3Cascading style sheet is such types of language which is used for the presentation of the documents written in mark-up language. This style sheet is basically used in web based systems and its main function is to bring the life in those systems by using creativity of the developers. CSS3 is just another version of the CSS which holds some extra styling functions than its old version. It allows you for more alternatives for HTML tags and also explains how it can be shown in the WebPages. The modular construction also allows CSS3 to be more flexible for the developers and end users as well.PHPIt is an abbreviation of Perl Hypertext Pre-processor. It has been widely used as the web based system development and web page development. It is an open source scripting language used to create dynamic web content which can be link with database and ultimately makes it more interactive. In PHP based web pages when a page is clicked or requested by end user it execute PHP script and automatically link that page with database which makes it more dynamic than other scripting language.Why PHP not ASP in this project ?1. On Server ASP operates only in windows ( can also run on Linux but not back up by many host and not so compatible), while PHP runs on both Linux and windows server.2. On Database ASP support s all databases but its best run with Microsoft Access and Microsoft SQL but does not run well with MYSQL one may get problems on paging . PHP runs best and easily support with MySQL and Microsoft SQL.3. In Programming With PHP, one can also easily work on server related programming like DNS, metadata, etc. but in ASP, it is very hard to perform on server side manipulation and one needs special permission to do that from admin. Typically, the same functionality can be staring(a) in less code with PHP than with ASP. This is because the HTTP GET and POST variables are created automatically by PHP as global variables, thus eliminating the step of extracting them from the ASP Request object.4. In Finance Many add-ons for PHP are free (if hosted on Linux). but with ASP one needs to pay for almost everything like mail component, ftp component, human body upload component etc.Therefore, PHP is more powerful tool for a dynamic web pages.MySQLIt is one of most famous open source relative database management system which is based on Structured Query Language. It can support multiple accesses in its database, which makes it one of the most famous database management systems for development of web based systems. MySQL is used in different kinds of application including data warehousing, e-commerce, web databases, logging and distribution application and so on.AJAXIt is an abbreviation of Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. The main purpose of AJAX is to manage different tools together for example HTML, JavaScript, CSS and so on. By managing like this it will help web application t o be more users friendly and dynamic.JavaScriptJavaScript is a client side decoded scripting language developed by Netscape to build interactive sites. It is basically used to do different tasks like trigger a linked to a page to generate popup windows, trigger a graphic images and text and so on. It is also used in validation of the form and authentication of information provided in the web pages by the end users.jQueryIt is an open source JavaScript Library that fulfill the gap between different tools used for the development of web. It helps to abridges outcome management HTML file negotiating, animating and Ajax interfaces for a web development. It is another way of writing JavaScript.Apache HTTP ServerIt is simply a public-domain open source which is developed by loosely-knit group of programmers in 1995. The main function of this server is to support different commercial applications and web services standards. It also supports a variety of features and most of them are compl ied together to support core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support to authentication schemes.HTTPHTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol used by World Wide Web. It is a main foundation of communication of World Wide Web. Hypertext is multi-linear sets of objects, building a network by hyper links between nodes, which also called text of word and HTTP is that protocol which is used to transfer that hypertext.Microsoft VisioMicrosoft Visio is an application used for drawing layouts, blueprints, flowcharts, schematic diagrams etc. For this project, I used this application for ER diagram, diagrams for methodologies, and tables. With the help of this application, I have completed my diagrams and tables without taking longer time.